Naturalization in Athens

126 Pages·1981·11.576 MB·English

by  Michael J. Osborne

VERHANDELINGEN NATURALIZATION
VAN DE IN
KONINKLIJKE ACADEMIE VOOR _ATHENS
WETENSCHAPPEN, LETTEREN EN SCHONE KUNSTEN
VANBELGIE
•
KLASSE DER
BY
LETTEREN
JAARGANG43 M. J. OSBORNE
Nr 98
I
1981
ISBN 90 6569 304 1 PALEIS DER ACADEMIEN - liERTOGSSTRAAT, 1 ::.:I,; !'
·:
D/1981/0455/24 BRUSSEL (;J
Ii
\) ' GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The granting of honours and privileges to foreigners was a well-established
feature of Greek political life, and in Athens, as in all of the poleis, such grants
were employed both as a means of rewarding benefactors and as a means of
facilitating diplomatic objectives. The array of gifts available for bestowal was
extensive, and by the end of the fifth century B.C. at latest 1 a quite sophisticated
ladder of honorific grants had evolved in Athens. The evolutionary process
continu~q in the fourth century and beyond, partly in novel combillations of
existing honours, partly in the introduction of new ones, and, with the advent of
the Hellenistic Kings, the already large assemblage of gifts was increased still
further by the addition of cult honours. Of the secular honours some, like grants of
crowns, were purely honorific, others, like the proxeny, carried implications (until
the fourth century at any rate) of service to the city on the part of the recipient, and
others still, such as ateleia or the right of enktesis, were of essentially practical
value. From an early date the citizenship was included within the general
conspectus of privileges which could be given' to a foreigner, and, not surprisingly
in view of the peculiar nature of the polis, such an offer of polis-membership to an
outsider was regarded, by the donors at any rate, as a signal mark of honour. This
high value set upon grants of citizenship ·was doubtless responsible for the
peculiarly ambivalent attitude of the Athenians towards it as an award. For, on the
one hand, it was an eminently practical privilege and thus of particular value to
prospective residents in Attica: On the other hand its status as the gift par
excellence of the polis singled it out as an especially appropriate award for high
ranking foreigners whom the city wished to laud or to court, irrespective of the
likelihood (or unlikelihood) of their ever coming to Athens. This dual aspect of a
grant of citizenship as a practical privilege and as a signal mark of honour is a
constant feature of the naturalization process in Athens, and an obvious
'!--\ ramification is that many of the recipients, perhaps even the majority of them,
',Q ·' · ''Q' -I, ..(. . •' }.'. ·,-:-+;- \,\ regarded their grants purely as honorific titles. It must therefore be noted from the
very outset that the terms 'naturalization' and 'citizenship-grant' as applied to
Athens (or for that matter to other Greek poleis) do not carry any implication of
acceptance of citizenship on the part of the grantee. For the Athenians a grant of
1 All dates in this book are B.C. unless stated.
5
citizenship to a foreigner was essentially an offer to him of citizenship ; the The importance of the inscriptions was recognized at an early date, and two
implementation of this offer was a subsequent matter dependent' upon the status, important studies of the epigraphical materials were undertaken .almost a century
the circumstances, and the wishes of the beneficiary. ago by H. BuERMANN 4 and by A. D1rrMAR 5• Both authors sought to systematize
The introduction of a formal, legal process for granting citizenship in Athens the preserved decrees with tJ.:ie ultimate aim of tracing the development of the
probably belongs in 451/0, though the procedure .thus canonized had doubtless procedure for naturalization from the· epigraphical formulae. Neither was
been normal since the Kleisthenic reforms 2• The law established (inter alia) altogether successful, partly because of the dearth of securely dated materials
benefaction to the Athenian demos as the sole and indispensible condition for an currently available; and, more especially, because of the defective state of the
award of citizenship, and an important ramification of this was that citizenship chronology of Hellenistic Athens at the times of writing. Indeed, so difficult did it
could only be granted to a foreigner as a gift by a decree of the Athenian seem to establish an acceptable pattern of development from the existing decrees
Assembly. This remained the case until late in the second century, when the that scholars like W. LAR!ELD 6 and A. WILHELM 7 doubted that the epigraphical
practice of decreeing honours to foreigners died out and naturalization itselflost its formulae could be utilized to provide evidence for procedural developments at
duality of aspect and was transformed into an automatic right for duly qualified all 8• However, the emergence of substantial numbers of inscriptions from the
candidates 3• excavations of the Athenian Agora, and the consequent refmements of the
The aims of this study are firstly to assemble the available evidence for Hellenistic chronology, have amply vindicated the methodology initiated by
naturalization for these three centuries during which the bestowal of citizenship BuERMANN and DITTMAR, though the current conclusions are very different from
was the prerogative of the Athenian Assembly,; secondly to attempt to determine those envisaged by fuem 9• Important contributions to the epigraphical picture
the nature and chronology of the laws g~verning the various aspects of were added by A. C. JoHNSON 10, and the present author has sketched the system of
naturalization ; and thirdly to evaluate the frequency and development of citizen development which derives from the epigraphical evidence elsewhere 11•
ship grants in practice. Such epigraphical studies are necessarily of a rather limited nature. However,
The source materials for the study of naturalization in Athens fall into two clear more general treatments of naturalization have in fact failed to utilize the
categories. On the one hand there is the direct evidence of the preserved decrees epigraphical evidence fully, and they have been very restricted in their coverage.
which grant citizenship; on the other hand there is the oblique, or secondary, Indeed, for ·the most part, naturalization has been discussed only within the
testimony of a mixture of literary and epigraphical sources. The former provides framework of broader studies of citizenship, and in the latter considerably more
detailed information about the legal procedure for naturalization and about the attention has been lavished upon the status and rights of citizens by birth than has
rationale of individual grants. The latter tends either to assert or to imply that a been devoted to citizens by decree (demopoietoi) 12• Of the four treatments of
particular person, and usually in the case of the literary sources an important
person, was granted Athenian citizenship. This twofold nature of the evidence has
4 Animadversiones de titulis Atticis quibus civitas a/icui confertur sive redintegratur, in Neue
been reflected to a certain degree in modern treatments of the process. For, on the Jahrbiicher fiir Klassische Philologie, Suppl. 10 0 878/9) 345-362.
one hand, there have been detailed studies of the decrees granting citizenship, 5 De Atheniensium more exteros coronis pub/ice ornandis. in Leipziger Studien zur Classische
which have tended to concentrate almost exclusively upon the development of the Philologie 12-14 0891) 153-191.
6 Handbuch der Griechischen Epigraphik II 812 ff.
formulae in the decrees ; on the other hand such general treatments as there have
1 AM 39 0914) 257 ff.
been have largely neglected the evidence of the decrees and have for the most part 8 Further attempts at systematization by W. S. FERGUSON, Klio 5 0905) 172 f,, and Hellenistic
been narrowly confmed to the Classical period, where the literary sources are Athens (London 1911) 22, 89, 130, 162, encouraged WILHELM in his scepticism. For a number of
FERGUSON'S claims flew in the teeth of the available evidence. This was signally so of his claim that
relatively abundant.
the judicial scrutiny was a regular element of procedure under the oligarchy of 321/0-319/8. For of
five decrees known to him in which the relevant clauses were preserved only one (JG ii2• 39 8 (b) = D
36) had the requirement, whereas four did not (JG ii2• 392=D 31; JG ii2• 393=D 32; JG ii2•
2 It was the clear definition of citizenship in terms of deme-membership which made naturalization 394 =D 33; JG ii2• 395 =D 34-and to these may now be addedSEG 21.310 =D 29). JGii2• 398 (b),
which alone suited his proposed scheme, has since been re-dated to the democratic phase late in the
by decree feasible. As will be argued in Volume IV, the law of naturalization was probably
archon-year 319/8. Cf. M. 1. OsBoRNE, Anc. Soc. 5 0974) 88 f.
embodied in the Periklean law of citizenship.
9 For a defence of the methodology cf. 0sBORNE, BSA 67 0972) 129 ff.
3 By the late second century it seems clear that access to the Athenian citizenship was relatively easy
10 AJA 18 (1914) 165 ff; CP 9 (1914) 417 ff.
for those who desired it The preserved inscriptions contain many foreign names, and it seems likely
11 BSA 67 (1972) 129 ff; Anc. Soc. 5 (1974) 84 ff; id. 7 (1976) 107 ff; id. 9 (1978) 75 ff.
that service in the ephebate served, in part at least, as a qualification for the acquisition of citizen
ship. Cf. 0. REINMUTH, TAPA 79 0948) 211 ff., Chr. PELEKIDES, Histoire de /'ephebie attique des 12 Cf. A. PHILIPPI, Beitriige zu einer Geschichte des Attischen Biirgerrechtes (Berlin 1870); H.
origines a 31 av. J.-C. (Paris 1962) 188 ff. ScHENKL, Zur Geschichte des Attischen Biirgerrechtes, in Wiener Studien 5 0 883) 52 ff.; 0.
6 7
naturalization in its own right E. SZANTO, Verleihung des Biirgerrechtes (in Das reasons of size this has been divided into two volumes, the first (the present
Griechische Biirgerrecht (Freiburg, 1892), 8-66) remains useful, but it deals with volume) containing with epigraphical commentaries the texts of the decrees (each
naturalization in the Greek world at large, so that Athens is not covered iii any of which has been given a number and the prefix D) 14, the second providing the
detail. It was also written well before the new discoveries from the Athenian substantive commentaries on the individual decre.es.. The second part (comprising
Agora (and elsewhere), and it is thus considerably dated, as is the contemporary Voluine III) assembles with commentaries the relevant testimonia for grants (each
study of E. CAILLEMER in C. V. DAREMBERG and' E. SAGLIO, Dictionnaire des numbered and given the prefix T) and also records with reasons for doubt or
antiquites grecques et romaines, III (1892), s.v. 'Demopoietos' 13• This latter rejection respectively the testimonia which possibly imply a grant (each numbered
provides a perceptive account of the Greek attitudes towards naturalization, the and given the prefix PT) and those which have from time to time been advanced
reasons for it, and the problem of eligibility, but a drawback is that it does not deal for grants but which are regarded by the present author as spurious (each
in any detail with the documents or with the developments of the well attested numbered and accorded the prefix X). The final volume attempts to sketch out the
procedure in Athens. Of the works which deal specifically with ~thens the most history of the law and practice of naturalization in Athens down to the Roman
comprehensive is A. BILLHEIMER, Naturalization in Athenian La'w and Practice period. The present volume thus presents the corpus of the Athenian decrees
(Diss. Gettysburg, 1922). This is the only full length treatment of the subject in its which grant citizenship. Such a corpus has not hitherto been attempted for this
own right, but, quite apart from its' lack of availability, it suffers from age and a body of material, and the unusually complex formulae of citizenship decrees and
somewhat limited outlook. Thus the development of the procedure is very scantily the relative abundance of dated documents make them a particularly fruitful field
covered, and almost no interest at all is show:n in the changes after the 330s, a for assemblage and study. The texts of all the inscriptions in this corpus have been
deficiency which cannot be attributed entirely to the dearth of relevant source established as the result of independent examination of the stones on numerous
materials at the time of writing. In addition the question of the implementation of occasions, and many riew readings, restorations, and dates are proposed 15• It is
grants is scarcely broached at all. The author's interest indeed is centred upon the hoped that this corpus will be of intrinsic value as a work of reference for the
grounds for obtaining and the purpose of making grants of citizenship. A more study of Athenian citizenship decrees.
balanced account is that of A: DILLER, Naturalization (in Race Mixture Among the
*
**
Greeks before Alexander (Illinois Studies in Language and !Literature, Illinois,
1937), 100-114) .. Unfortunately, however, this work, which c~ncentrates almost The period of gestation for this work has been lengthy and my debts of
exclusively upon Athens, does not go beyond the 330s, and it thus deals with only gratitude are accordingly numerous. Almost all of the inscriptions edited in the
a tiny fragment of the period in which naturalization was the prerogative of the first volume are currently housed in Athens, and the task of examining these was
Athenian Assembly, and it leaves untouched the major developments in accomplished in the years 1970-1976. For permitting and facilitating the study of
procedure and practice. the stones, and for allowing me to make squeezes, I am greatly indebted to Mrs
Dina Delmouzou-Peppas, the Director of the Epigraphical Museum, and to
*** Professor Homer Thompson and Professor T. L. Shear, successive Directors of the
In these circumstances it is hoped that the present work will go some way excavations of the Athenian Agora. I should also like to ackriowledge the unfailing
towards providing a comprehensive study of naturalization for the period when it kindness, patience, and assistance of their staff over the years in which I have
was in the gift of the Assembly. The treatment is divided into three distinct parts. studied and re-studied the inscriptions, and in particular that of Mrs Chara Karapa
The first compris~s the corpus of Athenian decrees which grant citizenship. For Molisani in the Epigraphical Museum. For the synthesis of the materials and the
writing of the text I have had the privilege of working in three centres of learning
and research. Thus the beginnings were made in Miinchen (in 1973) in the
MOLLER, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Attischen Biirger- und Eherechts, in Jahrbuch fur
Classische Philologie, Suppl. 25 (1899) 663 ff. ; K F. HERMANN and H. SwoBODA, lehrbuch der
Griechisclzen Staatsaltertiimer (Tiibingen 1913) 15 ff. ; G. BusoLT, Griechisc!ze Staatskunde
14 The epigraphical commentaries have been restricted to readings and restorations. Substantial
(Miinchen 1920/1963) I 220 ff.; II 939 ff.; V. EHRENBERG, The Greek State (London 1974) 40.
discussions of dates dependent upon the latter have been reserved for the detailed commentaries in
Naturalization is virtually ignored altogether in A. R. HARRISON, The law ofA thens I (Oxford 1968)
Volume II.
24 ff. An exception is U. l<AHRSTEDT, Staatsgebiet und Staatsangehorige in A then I (Stuttgart and
15 At the risk of tediousness, but in the interests of consistency, short descriptions are given of the
Berlin 1934) 78 ff.
13 Based on his earlier tract. la naturalisation a At!zenes, in Memoires de l'Academie de Caen (Paris traces of all dotted letters, however obvious the restoration may appear. For a note on the
terminology employed see p. 25 below.
1880).
8 9
Seminar fiir Alte Geschichte oftheMaximilians-Universitiit and in theKommission
fiir Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik. The British Academy made my presence there
possible by the award of a Fellowship, which I am pleased to be able to
acknowledge here, and my visit was made the more profitable by the kindness of
Professor H. Bengtson at the University and Professors E. Buchner and M. Worrle
at the Kommission. The main body of the work was u~dertaken at the Katholieke
Universiteit te Leuven, where, thanks to the kindness and interest of Professor Dr.
W. Peremans, I was awarded a Visiting Fellowship (in 1975). In Leuven I owe a
tremendous debt of gratitude to Professor Peremans who encouraged me at every
stage and who subsequently acted as promoter of my work for a Doctoral Degree
(in 1977) and for a prize at the Belgian Royal Academy (in 1980) 1~. In addition I
should like to thank both the co-adjudicators of my doctorate and prize, Professor
E. Van 't Dack, 'Professor H. Verdin, Professor J. Bingen, Professor G. Sanders,
and Mr. P. M. Fraser, for many helpful criticisms and suggestions, and also
Professor T. Reekmans, Dr. Leon Mooren, and Mr. Peter Van Dessel (all of the
Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven) for their gem~rosity with their knowledge and NATURALIZATION IN ATHENS
their time during my frequent visits to Leuve'n. In the sequel I have greatly
benefitted from the opportunity to revise the whole work at the Institute for
Advanced Study at Princeton, to which institution I am deeply grateful for the
award of a membership for the year 1918 I 9. In Princeton I owe special debts of VOLUME I
thanks to Professor Christian Habicht and to Professor Homer Thompson, both of
whom stimulated my endeavours with encouragement and helpful criticism. For
permitting these peregrinations and for facilitating my epigraphical studies in A CORPUS OF ATHENIAN DECREES
Athens I owe much to the generosity of the University of Lancaster in England.
GRANTING CITIZENSHIP
On a more personal level I should like also to thank numerous friends for
encouragement and assistance, and in particular Dr. D. M. Lewis, Professor J. H.
Kroll, Professor R. Stroud, Professor S. Tracy, and Professor J. Traill. Finally I
should like to offer special thanks to the Koninklfjke Academie voor Weten
schappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van Belgie for the award of a prize for my
study and for making possible the publication of this work.
February 1981 MJO.
16 The text here is essentially that completed in summer 1979 and submitted for this prize.
10
ABBREVIATIONS
AE 'ApxawA.oym1 'EcpT]µEpl~.
BILLHEIMER, Naturalization A. BILLHEIMER, Naturalization in Athenian law and
Practice (Diss. Gettysburg 1922).
D Decree
DILLER, Race Mixture A. DILLER, Race Mixture Among the Greeks before
Alexander (Illinois 19 3 7 and 1971).
DINSMOOR, A rchons W. B. DINSMOOR, The Archons of Ath.ens in the
Hellenistic Age (Harvard 19 31 ).
DINSMOOR, List W. B. DINSMOOR, The Athenian Archon list in the
light of Recent Discoveries (New York 1939).
DITTMAR, De More A. DITTMAR, De A theniensium more exteros coronis
pub/ice ornandi (Leipziger Studien zur Classischen
Philologie 13/14 (1891) 153-191).
EA 'EcpTJµEpl~ 'ApxmoA.oytx1].
EM Epigraphical. Museum
FERGUSON, Hellenistic Athens W. S. FERGUSON, Hellenistic Athens (London 1911).
HABICHT, Vestigia 30 Chr. HABICHT, Untersuchungen zur politischen Ge
schichte Athens in 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (Vestigia 30
(1979)).
JG i lnscriptiones Graecae, Vol. I: lnscriptiones Atticae
Euclidis anno vetustiores (Berlin 1873).
JG ii Inscriptiones Graecae, Vol. II: lnscriptiones Atticae
aetatis quae est inter Euclidis annum et A ugusti
tempora (Berlin 1877-1895).
JG i2 lnscriptiones Graecae, Vol. I: editio minor - Inscrip
tiones A tticae Euclidis anno anteriores (Berlin 1924).
JG i3 lnscriptiones Graecae, Vol. I - third edition (Berlin
1981).
JG ii2 lnscriptiones Graecae, Vols. II-III: editio minor -
lnscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posteriores (Berlin
1913-1940).
KERN,IG 0. KERN, lnscriptiones Graecae (Bonn 1913).
KIRCHNER, Imagines J. KIRCHNER, Imagines !nscriptionum Atticarum (se
cond edition, edited by G. KLAFFENBACH, Berlin 1948).
KIRCHNER, pA J. KIRCHNER, Prosopographia Attica, 2 vols. (Berlin
1901-1903).
13
MERITT, Year B. D. MERITT, The A~henian Year (Berkeley and Los
Angeles 1961).
MERITT and TRAILL, B. D. MERITT and J. S. TRAILL, The Athenian Agora,
Councillors Vol. XV,Jnscriptions, The Athenian Councillors (Prin
ceton 1974). INTRODUCTION TO THE DECREES
ML R. MEIGGS and D. .LEWIS, A Selection of Greek
Historical Inscriptions (Oxford 1969).
MORETTI, !SE L. MORETTI, Iscrizioni storiche · ellenistiche, Vol. I
(1967).
The Formulation of the Decrees
PEciRKA, Enktesis J. PEciRKA, The Formula for the Grant of Enktesis in
Attic Inscriptions (Prague 1966).
PouILLOUX, Choix J. PomLLOUX, Choix d'inscriptions .grecques (Paris The preserved decrees which grant citizenship range in date from the late
1960). fifth century until the late second century. Within this broad period it is possible to
PRITCHETT and MERITT, W. K. PRITCHETT and B. D. MERITT, The Chronology of effect a broad division on the basis of formulation and numerous sub-divisions on
Chronology Hellenistic Athens (Cambridge Mass. 1940). the basis of changes in the naturalization procedure. The dividing point in terms of
PT Testimonium possibly implying a citizenship grant. formulation occurs in or soon after 229. Prior to this the grant is cast in terms of
RANGABE, AH II A. R. RANGABE, Antiquites Helleniques II (Athens making a person an Athenian (FORMULATION A); thereafter it is formulated in
1855).
terms of granting a person citizenship (FORMULATION B). For the duration of
RHooEs, Boule P. J. RHooEs, The Athenian Boule (Oxford 1972).
FORMULATION A it is possible to distinguish 14 phases-until 321 /0 the changes are
SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum:
simply matters of procedure, but from 321/0 until ca. 229 they usually reflect
T Testimonium for a grant of citizenship.
Too, GHI II M. N. Too, Greek Historical Inscriptions II (Oxford changes of regime. After ca. 229, when FORMULATION B was in operation, the
changes are more difficult to chart and they appear to be in formulation rather
1948).
WILHELM, Beitriige A. WILHELM, Beitriige zur Griechischen Inschriften than in substance. It is none the less possible to establish a chronological
kunde (Wien 1909). progression on the basis of the TYPES of formulation 1•
WILHELM, AU V A. WILHELM, Attische Urkunden V, ·SA WW 220 The decrees in this Corpus have been arranged :iJ;i chronological segments in
(1942). accordance with the successive phases of the formulation and procedure. Within
WILHELM, Akademieschriften A. WILHELM, Akademieschriften zur Griechischen Jn each segment the decrees which can be dated either precisely or with a reasonable
schriftenkunde (Leipzig 197 4). degree of accuracy (upon grounds other than the granting formula) are listed
x Testimonium incorrectly taken to imply a grant of first 2• They are followed by the decrees which have been assigned to the segment
citizenship. in question. In the case of 'assigned decrees' the arrangement within the segment
has been effected on the basis of relative security and priority of dating within the
period. The check list which follows orders all of the decrees according to this
system and, in the case of 'assigned decrees', records briefly the reason for the
assignation. Each chronological segment is preceded by a note of the current
elements of the naturalization procedure as denoted in the decrees by the
1 The rationale of the TYPES is discussed further below (pp. 192-195). For the date of the change of
formulation see M. J. OssoRNE, ZPE 38 (1980) 99 ff., with further references.
2 The heading 'dated' in the Check List, which follows, thus does not necessarily mean that the
decrees listed as such are dated with great precision (although many, of course, are). It means that
they can be attributed firmly to a year or a period within the chronological bounds of the segment
independently of the formula for the citizenship grant With a few stated exceptions, the dates of
archons are in accord with the list presented by B. D. MERITT, Historia 26 (1977) 161 ff.
14 15
formulae. To avoid repetition the basic elements of the procedure are set down in 3. (Second vote clause)
full here ; in the list reference is made only to the appropriate abbreviations 3• Kai <·rouc; 6eoµo6eTac;> Ooiivm 'ri)v q>~cpov
4. (Enrolment clause)
FORMULATION A (Grants prior to ca. 229). mi dvcu o:tJ'l'Wt (OoKtµaa6ev.n) ypchpaa6cu cpuA~c; .Kai Or1µou Kai cppa'l'piac; ijc; &v
~OUAT)TCU
1. (Statement clause)
elven CXU'l'OV ~e T)VCXtOV (o:u't'OV KO:t eicy6vouc;)
Check List of Decrees
2. (Enrolment clause)
(a) (U: nrestricted) FORMULATION A-GRANTS PRIOR TO CA. 229.
yp&qicxa0cxt c&rov cpu.Aijc; Kcxi br)µou Kcxi cppcxTpim; ijc; &v ~ou.AT)'l'cxt
(b) (Restricted) icaTa Tov v6µov (or a specific phrase) I From(?) middle fifth century until ca. 385/4.
Naturalization procedure : A 1 + 2 (a)
3. (Second vote claus~)
Dated decrees :
·rouc; b£ npuTavetc; bouvm nepi mhoii TI]v tj.i~cpov eic; TDV npw'l'T)v (emoiiaav)
Dl = [Dem.] 59.104. (427)-for the Plataians.
EKKAT)aiav
D2 = JG i2• 110 +Addendum p. 303 =ML 85 =JG i3• 102 (cf. SEG 10.125; 24.14). (410/
4. (Scrutiny clause) 09, prytany 8) - for Thrasyboulos of Kalydon.
wuc; b£ 0eaµo0hac; eicrayayEiv etU'l'Wt 'l'DV botctµcxaicxv (~c; noAt'l'Eiac;) frrcxv nAT)pWcrtv D3 =JG i2. 113 =JG i3• 113 (cf. SEG 10.127; 12.38; M. J. 0sBORNE,ZPE 9 (1972) 55 f.,
buca:cr't'r)ptcx BSA 67 (1972) 129 ff., Hermes 102 (197 4) 87 ff. (? early 407)-for King Evagoras
of Salamis and his sons.
FORMULATION B (Grants after ca. 229). D4 =JG i2. 126=JG ii2 .. l (I)=PoUILLOUX, Chaix 23=ML 94=/G i3. 127 (cf. SEG
10.143; 12.42; 25.40). (405/4)-for the Samians.
EITHER D5 = JG ii2• 1 =Too, GHJ II 97 = PouILLOUX, C/zoix 24 (cf. SEG 10.143 ; 12.42; 25.40).
(403/2) - reaffirmation of decree of 405/ 4 for the Samians.
1. (a) (Statement and enrolment clause) D6 =JG ii2• 10 +Addendum p. 665 =Too, GHI II 100 +JG ii2• 2403 +SEG 12.84 ( = D.
beb6cr0m cxuTwt noAm:icxv (boic1µcxcr8evn Ev 'l'Wt btKetCT'l'T)piwt Ka't'a 'l'OV v6µov) icai HEREWARO, BSA 47 (1952) 102 ff.). Cf. SEG 21.218; 24.95. (401/0)·- for the
ypatpacr0at cpu.A~c; ICCl'.l br1µou mi r.ppa'l'ptac; fie; av ~OUAT)'l'at heroes of Phyle.
D7 = JG ii2• 19 +Addendum p. 659 (cf. AU V 96 ff. no. 44). (394/3)-for Phil[ ... ?. .. ]es of
OR Rhodes.
1. (b) (Statement clause) D8 = JG ii2• 17 +SEG 15.84 (=AU V 87 ff.) +SEG 16.42 ( =B. D. MERITT, Hesperia 26
beMa0m cxu'l'wt no.AtTEiav bci1C1µacr8evn Ev 'l'Wt b1icacrTTJpiw1 ica'l'a Tov v6µov (1957) 51 f.); cf. M. J. 0sBORNE, BSA 65 (1970) 151 ff. (394/3)-for Sthorys of
Thasos.
2. (Scrutiny clause)
'l'OU<; b£ 0eaµo0emc;, omv nATJPWcrtV Oticacm1pta eic; eva icai 'JtEV'l'QKOaiouc; btlCCl'.CT'l'ac;, D9 =J3G88 i)i2 -• 2f5o +r HSEipGp a1r5c.h8o6s (a=nWd A. Krc.h PiRpIpToCsH oETf TT, hHaessopse. ria 10 (1941) 262 f. no. 66). (ca.
eicraycxyeiv auTwt TI]v b01c1µcxcriav (mi µfi napovn I ~c; no.At'l'oypmpicxc;)
II From ca. 385/4 until ca. 334/3.
Naturalization procedure : A 1 + 2 (a) + 3.
3 For full discussion of the formulaic changes and the establishment of the chronological periods cf.
BSA 67 (1972) 129 ff. ;Anc. Soc. 5 (1974) 84 ff.; id. 7 0976) 107 ff.; id. 9 (1978) 75 ff. Identifying Dated decrees :
references to decrees have been confined to the basic corpora (whence references to earlier studies
may be obtained) plus such further literature as is of direct relevance to the text and/ or the date. In DlO = IG ii2• 103 =Too, GH!Il 133 (cf. SEG lG.46). (369/8, prytany 10)-for Dionysios
the history and description of the preserved fragment(s) preceding each text only the editio princepi. of Syracuse and his sons.
and subsequent works of significance are recorded. No attempt has been made to emulate the Dl 1 =JG ii2• 109 (cf. SEG 16.47). (363/2, prytany 2)-for Astykrates of Delphi.
practice in some recent works of citing every available reference to an inscription irrespective of its
D12 = JG ii2. 207 (a). Cf. M. J. 0sBORNE, BSA 66 0971) 297 ff.(? ca. 361)--:-for Orantes
significance (or lack of it). In the (few) cases where literary or other testimonia are available to
'satrap of Mysia'.
supplement the evidence of a decree these are appended after the epigraphical commentary.
16 17
Dl3 = Hesperia 13 (1944) 229 f. no. 3. (ca. 375-350)-for .Aristomenes. D32 =JG ii2• 393. (321/0-319/8).
D14 =JG ii2• 226+Addendum p. 659+0. WALTE~, Jahreshefte 32 0940) 1 ff.=Too, D33 =JG ii2• 394. (321/0-319/8)-for Timomachos and two others.
GHI II 173. (ca. 342) - for Arybbas of Molossia. · D34 =JG ii2• 395. (321/0-319/8).
D15 = JG ii2• 228 =Too, GHI II 174 (cf. SEG 15.93). (341/0, prytany 7)-for the people
of Elaious.
V Ca. March-November 318 (Democratic).
D16 = JG ii.2. 237 +Addendum p. 659 =Too, GHI II l 78 (cf. SEG 17.24; 21.266; 24.95).
Naturalization procedure : A 1 + 2 (a)+ (b) + 3 + 4.
(338/7, prytany 10)-for Phormion and Karphinas of Akarnania.
D17 = !G ii2• 336 I. (334/3, prytany 4)-for Archippos of Thasos. Dated decrees :
Decrees assigned to the period : D35 = JG ii2• 387 +Addendum p. 660 (cf. SEG 21.314). (319/8, prytany 10)-for Sonikos
and Eu[--].
D18 =JG ii2• 185 (cf. M. J. OsBORNE,BSA 66 (1971) 323). (ca. 350)-(on the basis ofthe
lettering and the granting formula). D36 =JG ii2• 398 (b); cf. M. J. 0sBORNE, BSA 66 (1971) 323 ff. (318).
D19 = !G ii.2. 251 (a)+(b); cf. M. J. 0sBORNE, ZPE 10 (1973) 273 i. . (ca. 350)-(on the D37 = JG ii2. 391. (318)-reaffirmation for Alkimachos of Apollonia of the grant made in
333/2.
basis of the lettering and the granting formula).
D20 = JG ii2• 282. (ca. 350) - (on the basis of the granting formula). D38 =JG ii2• 448 II (cf. SEG 21.297; 22.95; 23.59). (318/7, prytany 4)-(posthumous)
reaffirmation for Euphron of Sikyon of the grant made in 323/2 ( = D24).
D39 = JG ii.2. 350 +Addendum p. 659 (cf. SEG 21.320; 22.98). (318/7, prytany 7)-for a
III From ca. 334/3 until 321/0. man of Epidamnos and a man of Apollonia.
Naturalization procedure : A 1 + 2 (a)+ (b) + 3.
Decrees assignable to period III, IV, or V :
Dated decrees : D40 = JG ii2• 438 (cf. A. C. JOHNSON, CP 9 (1914) 426). (320s, or shortly afterwards)-(on
D21 = !G ii2• 405 + SEG 21.275 ( = E. ScHWEIGERT, Hesperia 9 0940) 339 ff.). (334/3, the basis of the lettering).
prytany 9) - for Amyntor, son of Demetrios. D41 = JG ii2• 575. (320s, or shortly afterwards - but cf. D24 and commentary).
D22 = JG ii2• 222 (cf. M. J. 0sBORNE, Eranos 72 (1974) 175 ff.). (ca. 334)-for Peisitheides
of Delos.
D23 = !G ii2• 336 II+ III +Addendum p. 659 (cf. SEG 15.97; 21.273; 21.278). (333/2) VI 317-307.
reaffirmation of decree of 334/3 ( = Dl 7) for Archippos of Thasos. Naturalization procedure : Not known.
D24 = !G ii2• 448 I (cf. SEG 21.297 ; 22.95; 23.59). (323/2, prytany 5)-for Euphron of Dated decrees :
Sikyon.
D25 = lG ii.2. 369+414 (b)+(c)+SEG 21.298 (=E. ScHWEIGERT, Hesperia 9 (1940) D42 =JG ii2• 450 (cf. SEG 25.75). (314/3, prytany 6)-for Asandros of Macedon.
335 ff. no. 42). (323/2, prytany 8) - for a Bosporan.
D26 =Hesperia 13 (1944) 231 ff. no. 5. (just before 321/0)-for a Plataian. VII 307 /6-303/2 (late).
Naturalization procedure: A 1 + 2 (a)+ (b) + 3.
Decrees assigned to the period : .
D27 = lG ii2• 297 (cf. AU V 48 f. no. 54; M. J. 0sBORNE, ZPE 9 0972) 183 f.). (ca. 334- Dated decrees :
321)-(on the basis of the granting formula). D43 = lG ii2• 467 +Addendum p. 661. (306/5)-for Timosthenes (II) of Karystos.
D28 = JG ii2• 301. (320s)-(on the basis of the lettering and the granting formula). D44 =JG ii2• 553 (cf. M. J. 0sBORNE, ZPE 19 (1975) 143 ff.).(? 304/3, prytany 7)-for
Neaios.
IV 321/0-319/8. (The first period of the anagrapheus-oligarchic). D45 = !G ii2• 486. (304/3, prytany 12) - for Eupolis.
Naturalization procedure: A 1+2 (a)+ (b) + 3. D46 = IG ii2• 734 +EM 4614 =Ch. KARAPA,A.Ll 29 (1974) 159 ff. no. 2. (303/2, prytany
9).
Dated decrees : D47 = JG ii2• 558. (ca. 303/2) - for Oxythemis of Larisa.
D29 = SEG 21.310 ( = E. ScHWEIGERT, Hesperia 9 (1940) 345 f.)= MORETTI, !SE 4. (31~/ D48 = JG ii2• 806 (cf. E. ScHWEIGERT, Hesperia 9 0940) 351). (ca. 303/2).
8, prytany 4)-for Ainetos of Rhodes.
Decrees assigned to the period :
D30 =JG ii2• 386 +Addendum p. 660 +SEG 21.311. (319/8, prytany 6)-for Amynt[-].
D31 = lG ii2• 392 + 586 (=Ch. KARAPA,A..1 29 0974) 159 f. no. 1). (321/0-319/8)-for D49 = JG ii2• 385 (b); cf. SEG 21.341. (ca. 307-303/2) - for Aristonikos of Karystos.
the son of Polykles. D50 = JG ii2• 374. (ca. 307-303/2) - for Evenor of Akarnania.
18 19
D51 = W.R. PATON and E. L. HlcKs,lnscriptions ofC os no. 17 + R. HERZOG, Riv. Fil. 20 X March 295 -mid-294.
(1942) 12 f. no. 6. (ca. 306-303 /2) - for Nikomedes of Kos. Naturalization procedure : A 1 + 2 (a)+ 3 + 4 (It is not clear wj:J.ether 2 (b) '\Vas a
D52 =JG ii2. 541. (ca. 307-303/2)-(on the basis-of the lettenng and the stated price of requirement).
the crown). Dated decrees:
D53 = JG ii2• 508. (ca. 307-303/2) - (on the basis of the lettering and the granting D68 = JG ii2• 646 + 0. WALTER, Beschreibung der Reliefs im Kleinen Akrapolismuseum in
formula). .
Athen (Wien 1923) 8 ff. no. 9. Cf. SEG 25.86. (295/ 4, prytany 9)-for Herodoros.
D54 =JG ii2• 518 +Addendum p. 661 (cf. W. K. PRITCHETT, Hesperia 9(1940)109 n. 38;
M. J. OsBORNE, BSA 66 (1971) 328 n. 24). (ca. 307-303/2)-(on the basis of the Decree assigned to the period :
lettering and the granting formula). D69 = JG ii2. 648 .. (ca. 295/ 4)-(on the basis of the lettering, the granting formula, the
D55 = IG ii2• 511. (ca. 307-303/2) - (on the basis of the lettering). identity of the fmancial officials, and the similarity to D68).
D56 = fG ii2. 519. (ca. 307-303/2) - (on the basis of the iettering and the granting
formula). XI From 294/3 until 292/l. (The second period of the anagrap/zeus - presumably
D57 = JG ii2. 576. (ca. 307-303/2) - (on the basis of the lettering and the granting (quasi-) oligarchic).
formula). Naturalization procedure: A 1+2 (a)+ (b) + 3.
D58 = JG ii2• 696. (ca. 307-303/2) - (on the basis of the granting formula).
D59 = JG ii2. 538 +Addendum p. 662. (? ca. 307-303/2) - (on the basis of the lettering Dated decrees :
and the stated price of the crown). D70 =JG ii2• 378 + O. BRONEER, Hesperia 4 (1935) 173 ff. no. 38 =SEG 21.353. (294/3,
prytany 6).
VIII Late 303/2 -ca. March 300. XII From 291/0 until 286.
Naturalization procedure: A 1+2 (a)+ (b) + 3 + 4. Naturalization procedure: (?)A 1+2 (a)+ (b) + 3 + 4.
Dated decrees : Decree assignable to period X or XII :
D60 = JG ii2. 495 =M oRETTI, !SE 6. (303/2, prytany 12) - for Alkaios of Ainos. D71 = JG ii2. 721. (295/4 or 291 /0-286) - (on the basis of the lettering, the granting
D61 = JG ii2• 496 + 507 +Addendum p. 661. (303/2, prytany 12)-for Solon ofBargylia. formula, and the identity of the financial official).
D62 = Hesperia 49 (1980) 255 f. no. 2. (303/2, prytany 12).
Decrees assignable to period VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, or XII :
Decrees assigned to the period :
D72 = Hesperia 4 (1935) 171 n,o. 34 + M. J. 0sBORNE, ZPE 12 (1973) 87 ff. (ca. 304/3-
D63 =Hesperia 10(1941)55f.no.19.(late303/2-301/0)-(onthebasisofthelettering 286)-(on the basis of the lettering and the qualification of the .crown as Ka:Ta Tov
and the granting formula). v6µov).
D64 = Hesperia 10 (1941) 270 ff. no. 70. (late 303/2-301/0) - (on the basis of the D73 = JG ii2• 578. (? 307-286) - (the stone is lost, and only a tiny part of the granting
lettering, the granting formula, and the identity of the fmancial officials). formula is preserved). ·
D65 = JG ii2. 577. (late 303/2-301/0) - (on the basis of the (reported) letters and the
granting formula). xm 286-262.
Naturalization procedure : A 1 + 2 (a)+ (b) + 3 + 4 (2 (b) is occasionally waived).
Decrees assignable to period VII or VIII :
D66 = SEG I 6.59 ( = 0. BRONEER, Hesperia 2 (1933) 402 f. no. 19). (ca. 307-302/ 1)-(on Dated decrees :
the basis of the lettering and the reference to 'the Kings') - for Zoes. D74 = (Copy A)!G ii2• 662 + G. A. STAMIRES,Hesperia 26 (1957) 29 f. no. 2 =SEG 16.62;
(Copy B) JG ii2. 663 +Addendum p. 663 (cf. SEG 16.62). (286/5, prytany 9)-for
Artemidoros, son of Apollodoros, of Perinthos.
IX Ca. March 300 -March 295. D75 = JG ii2• 652 (cf. A. WILHELM, Pragm. Ak. Ath. 4 (1936) 1ff.;SEG23.65). (just after
Naturalization procedure: (?) A 1 + 2 (a)+ (b) + 3. 286/ 5) - for Aischron, son of Proxenos, of Delphi.
Decree assigned to the period : D76 =JG ii2• 654. (285/4, prytany 12)-for Audoleon, King of the Paionians.
D77 = Hesperia 9 (1940) 352 ff. no. 48. (ca. 286, or shortly afterwards)-for Philokles,
D67 = JG ii2. 643 + B. D. MERITT, Hesperia 9 (1940) 80 ff. no. 13 =SEG 25.85 (cf. J.
King of Sidon and nauarch of Ptolemy.
TRAILL, Hesperia Suppl. 14 (1975) 129 ff.).(? between 300 and 295)-for Aristolas
D78 = (Copy A) JG ii2• 666 +Addendum p. 663; (Copy B) JG ii2• 667. (266/5, prytany 6)
and Sostratos.
for Strornbichos.
20 21