Natural products of Silk Road plants PDF
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Natural Products of Silk Road Plants Natural Products Chemistry of Global Plants Series Editor: Raymond Cooper This unique book series focuses on the natural products chemistry of botanical medicines from differ- ent countries such as Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Brazil, China, Africa, Borneo, Thailand, and Silk Road Countries. These fascinating volumes are written by experts from their respective countries. The series will focus on the pharmacognosy, covering recognized areas rich in folklore as well as botanical medici- nal uses as a platform to present the natural products and organic chemistry. Where possible, the authors will link these molecules to pharmacological modes of action. The series intends to trace a route through history from ancient civilizations to the modern day showing the importance to man of natural products in medicines, foods, and a variety of other ways. RECENT TITLES IN THIS SERIES Traditional Herbal Remedies of Sri Lanka Viduranga Y. Waisundara Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh and West Bengal Botany, Natural Products, and Ethnopharmacology Christophe Wiart Brazilian Medicinal Plants Luzia Modolo and Mary Ann Foglio Natural Products of Silk Road Plants Raymond Cooper and Jeffrey John Deakin Natural Products of Silk Road Plants Edited by Raymond Cooper and Jeffrey John Deakin First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cooper, Raymond, editor. | Deakin, Jeffrey John, editor. Title: Natural products of Silk Road plants / edited by Raymond Cooper and Jeffrey John Deakin. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2021] | Series: Natural products chemistry of global plants | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020020115 (print) | LCCN 2020020116 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367184513 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367184339 (paperback) | ISBN 9780429061547 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Phytochemicals—History. | Botanical chemistry—History. | Ethnobotany—History. | Medicinal plants—History. | Silk Road—History. | Natural products—History. | Plants—Social aspects—History—To 1500. Classification: LCC QK861.N396 2021 (print) | LCC QK861 (ebook) | DDC 572/.2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020020115 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020020116 ISBN: 978-0-367-18451-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-18433-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-06154-7 (ebk) Typeset in Times by codeMantra Contents Preface .....................................................................................................................................................vii Editors .......................................................................................................................................................ix Contributors ..............................................................................................................................................xi Section I Introduction Section II Eastern Asia Mongolia 1. Medicinal Plants of Mongolia .........................................................................................................7 Narantuya Samdan and Odonchimeg Batsukh China 2. Medicinal Plants of China Focusing on Tibet and Surrounding Regions ................................49 Jiangqun Jin, Chunlin Long, and Edward J. Kennelly Section III Central and Southern Asia India 3. Medicinal Plants of the Trans-Himalaya .....................................................................................73 Ajay Sharma, Garima Bhardwaj, Pushpender Bhardwaj, and Damanjit Singh Cannoo Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan 4. Medicinal Plants of Central Asia ................................................................................................105 Farukh S. Sharopov and William N. Setzer Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan 5. Melons of Central Asia .................................................................................................................133 Ravza F. Mavlyanova, Sasha W. Eisenman, and David E. Zaurov Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan 6. Resources along the Silk Road in Central Asia: Lagochilus inebrians Bunge (Turkestan Mint) and Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) ...................................................................153 Oimahmad Rahmonov, David E. Zaurov, Buston S. Islamov, and Sasha W. Eisenman Section IV Western Asia and the Middle East Iran 7. An Overview of Important Endemic Plants and Their Products in Iran ...............................171 Reza E. Owfi v vi Contents Iran 8. Crocus sativus and the Prized Commodity, Saffron .................................................................201 Jeffrey John Deakin and Raymond Cooper Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan 9. Natural Plant Dyes of Oriental Carpets .....................................................................................211 Jeffrey John Deakin Iraq and Syria 10. Wheat and Rice – Ancient and Modern Cereals ........................................................................219 Raymond Cooper and Jeffrey John Deakin Georgia 11. Ethnobotany of the Silk Road – Georgia, the Cradle of Wine ................................................229 Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua Zambrana, Shalva Sikharulidze, Zaal Kikvidze, David Kikodze, David Tchelidze, and Ketevan Batsatsashvili Turkey 12. Plants Endemic to Turkey Including the Genus Arnebia .........................................................255 Ufuk Koca Çalışkan and Ceylan Dönmez Section V Maritime Routes Sri Lanka 13. Maritime Routes through Sri Lanka: Medicinal Plants and Spices .......................................271 Viduranga Y. Waisundara Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................283 Index ......................................................................................................................................................285 Preface CRC Press is publishing a new series of books under the general title, The Natural Products Chemistry of Global Plants. The series of books focuses on pharmacognosy; covering recognized uses in folklore, presenting natural products, and, where possible, linking these to pharmacological modes of action. Books in the series relate to many different countries including Bangladesh, Borneo, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ecuador, Iran, Madagascar, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Vietnam, and Yunnan Province (China). The series of books has been written by experts from each country with an intention to bring forward scientific literature not widely appreciated in the West. This volume in the series of books, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, concerns plants and extracts from nations along the historic Silk Road. The books in the series are intended for chemistry students who are at university level and for scholars wishing to broaden their knowledge in pharmacognosy. Raymond Cooper PhD Editor-in-Chief, ‘The Natural Products Chemistry of Global Plants’ Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Aims and Purpose Natural Products of Silk Road Plants comprises an edited series of chapters, each presented by authors expert in their field. Contributors provide new and fresh insights upon significant plants, plant extracts, and chemical products from the flora of nations connected by the historic Silk Road. A route is also traced through history showing the important value to humankind of natural products in folk medicines, in foods, and in multiple other ways which, in the contemporary world, are associated with valuable and important commodities. The Silk Road – a complex network of trade routes over thousands of miles of vast regions that con- nected China with the rest of the Eurasian continent by land and sea – contributed to the transformation of the ethnic, cultural, and religious identities of diverse peoples. Just as civilizations in the East and West were shaped through trade, plants, plant extracts, and spices were exchanged and improved. Plants, which were of economic significance and indigenous to countries along the trading routes of the Silk Road, yielded medicines, cereals, spices, beverages, dyes, and euphoric and exotic compounds. This book describes many selected plants, key natural products, and chemical extracts. Consideration is given to the locale in which the plants grow and to the scientific application of extracts. Enquiry is made, where practicable, into the fascinating chemistry of building blocks which make up the large molecules of complex natural products. The pharmacological nature of natural products is described where possible. This book will appeal to university students of botany and chemistry and to scholars who wish to broaden their knowledge of pharmacognosy. Raymond Cooper and Jeffrey John Deakin Editors vii Editors Raymond Cooper is a visiting professor at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He earned his PhD in organic chemistry from the Weizmann Institute in Israel. His dissertation researched the ancient wild wheat of the Middle East, examining germination properties and chemical profiles. After completing a postdoctoral fellowship at Columbia University, New York, he spent 15 years in drug discovery research of plant and microbial natural products in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. He then moved to the nutraceutical and dietary supplements industry to develop botanical products from tradi- tional Chinese medicine including ginkgo, cordyceps, red yeast rice, green tea, and many other botani- cal medicines. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, an honorary visiting professor at the College of Pharmacy, University of London, and a member of the American Pharmacognosy Society. He has published over 120 research papers, edited 5 books, co-authored the book Natural Products Chemistry: Sources, Separations and Structures and received the American Society of Pharmacognosy 2014 Varro Tyler Award for Contributions to Botanical Research. Jeffrey John Deakin earned a first-class honors degree in chemistry from the University of London followed by a PhD degree in chemistry from the University of Cambridge. He has published a number of peer-reviewed research papers. After a long and successful career in the United Kingdom as a science educator, he now writes articles and books with the aim of broadening the appeal of science and deepen- ing interest in chemistry in particular. He and Ray were the co-authors of the book entitled Botanical Miracles, Chemistry of Plants that Changed the World. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom. ix
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