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Natural Polysaccharides in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications Edited by Md Saquib Hasnain Amit Kumar Nayak Academic Pressis animprintofElsevier 125 LondonWall,LondonEC2Y 5AS,UnitedKingdom 525 BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50 HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA 02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard, LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2019Elsevier Inc.Allrights reserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedor transmittedinany formorbyany means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,recording,or anyinformation storageandretrieval system, without permission inwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission, furtherinformation aboutthe Publisher’spermissions policies andourarrangements withorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance Center andtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyright bythePublisher (otherthan asmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledge andbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnewresearch andexperience broaden ourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical treatment maybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchers mustalwaysrelyontheirown experienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusing any information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation or methods theyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey have aprofessionalresponsibility. To thefullestextentofthelaw, neitherthePublisher northeauthors, contributors, oreditors,assume any liabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asamatterofproductsliability, negligenceor otherwise, orfromany useoroperation ofanymethods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthe material herein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Acatalog recordforthisbookisavailablefrom theLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Data Acatalogue recordforthisbookisavailablefrom theBritish Library ISBN:978-0-12-817055-7 Forinformation onallAcademicPress publicationsvisitour websiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: AndreGerhardWolff Acquisition Editor: ErinHill-Parks Editorial ProjectManager: SandraHarron Production ProjectManager: SreejithViswanathan Cover Designer: GregHarris Typeset byTNQTechnologies List of contributors Yasir Faraz Abbasi AIMST University, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia Syed Anees Ahmed Department of Pharmacology, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Application and Research, Lucknow, India Tejraj M. Aminabhavi Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Polymer Science, SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, India Yubia De Anda-Flores Biopolymers-CTAOA, Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Sukumaran Anil Department of Dentistry, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar Mohammad Tahir Ansari Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine, Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia Mona F. Arafa Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt Esha Bala Centre for Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India Hriday Bera Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia Branko Bugarski Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Alma C. Campa-Mada Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Pedro M. Castro CBQF e Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu´ımica Fina e Laborato´rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cato´lica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigacaeo e Formacaeo Avancada em Cieˆncias e Tecnologias da Saude, Gandra-PRD, Portugal Bankim Chandra Nandy Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Kiran Chaturvedi Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Polymer Science, SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, India Bor Shin Chee Athlone Institute of Technology, Materials Research Institute, Athlone, Co. West- meath, Ireland xvii List of contributors Norma B. D’Accorso Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Qu´ımica Orga´nica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR)-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Arnab De Division of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Mabilly Cox Holanda de Barros Dias Athlone Institute of Technology, Biosciences Research Institute, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland Sanjay Dey Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Tanavi Dugge Shri Dharmasthala Manjunath Dental College, Dharwad, India Gamal M. El Maghraby Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt Classius Ferreira da Silva Instituto de Cieˆncias Ambientais, Qu´ımicas e Farmaceˆuticas, Universidade Federal de Sa˜o Paulo, Diadema, Brazil Kuntal Ganguly Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Polymer Science, SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, India Gabriel H. Gomez-Rodriguez Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Hermo- sillo, Sonora, Mexico Neha Hans Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India Md Saquib Hasnain Department of Pharmacy, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula, India Ankit Jain Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLAUniversity, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India Sanjay K. Jain Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India Sougata Jana Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal, India; Department of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate of Health Services, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Subrata Jana Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India Sunil Kumar Dubey Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India Nurul Asmak Md Lazim Dept. of Bioprocess & Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia Yiyang Liu Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Labora- tory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza Biopolymers-CTAOA, Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Baboucarr Lowe School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia xviii List of contributors Ana Raquel Madureira CBQF e Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu´ımica Fina e Laborato´rio Asso- ciado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cato´lica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal Sabyasachi Maiti Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkan- tak, Madhya Pradesh, India Vero´nica E. Manzano Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Qu´ımica Orga´nica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR)-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Milan Milivojevic Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Ana Moira Mora´s Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre e UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Uttam A. More Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, India Dinara Jaqueline Moura Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre e UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil S M Mozammil Hasnain Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India Ida Idayu Muhamad Dept. of Bioprocess & Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Balaram Naik Shri Dharmasthala Manjunath Dental College, Dharwad, India Sitansu Sekhar Nanda Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea Jayanta Narayan De Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Amit Kumar Nayak Department of Pharmaceutics, Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, India Malleshappa N. Noolvi Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, India Michael Nugent Athlone Institute of Technology, Materials Research Institute, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland Mar´ıa Natalia Pacho Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Qu´ımica Orga´nica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR)-CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Ivana Pajic-Lijakovic Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Pritish Kumar Panda Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceu- tical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India xix List of contributors Zhiqing Pang Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China Versha Parcha Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical & Natural Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Sanjukta Patra Centre for Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India Cristiana Maria Pedroso Yoshida Instituto de Cieˆncias Ambientais, Qu´ımicas e Farmaceˆuticas, Universidade Federal de Sa˜o Paulo, Diadema, Brazil Manuela E. Pintado CBQF e Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu´ımica Fina e Laborato´rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cato´lica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal Sneha S. Rao Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India M.E. Bhanoji Rao Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & Allied Health Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Agustin Rasco´n-Chu Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Kakarla Raghava Reddy School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia P.D. Rekha Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India Amalesh Samanta Division of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Farheen Sami Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine, Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia Shivani Saraf Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India Manoj Kumar Sarangi School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Bruno Sarmento CESPU, Instituto de Investigacaeo e Formacaeo Avancada em Cieˆncias e Tecnolo- gias da Saude, Gandra-PRD, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigac¸a˜o e Inovac¸a˜o em Sau´de, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB e Instituto de Engenharia Biome´dica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Suguna Selvakumaran Department of Biotechnology, School of Science & Engineering, Manipal International University (MIU) No 1, Putra Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Kalyan Kumar Sen Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal, India Patr´ıcia Severino Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju´, Brazil Zahra Shariatinia Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Poly- technic), Tehran, Iran xx List of contributors Niharika Shiva Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India Siddhartha Singha Centre for Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, As- sam, India Gautam Singhvi Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India Eliana Maria Souto Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal Luiza Steffens Athlone Institute of Technology, Materials Research Institute, Athlone, Co. West- meath, Ireland; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre e UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Mohammad Tabish Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Saqra University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Judith Tanori-Cordova Department of Polymers and Materials Research, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Ankita Tiwari Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India Jayachandran Venkatesan Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India Amit Verma Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India Patr´ıcia Hissae Yassue-Cordeiro Universidade Tecnolo´gica Federal do Parana´, Londrina, Brazil Dong Kee Yi Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea Yuefei Zhu Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Labora- tory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China xxi Preface Moderndriftstowardthe utilization ofnatural polymericmaterialsin numerous healthcare applicationsdemand the replacementof thesynthetic polymers withthe natural ones because oftheirbiocompatibility, biodegradability,economicextraction,and readily availability. The reality behindthe riseinimportance ofthese natural polymericmaterials is thatthesesourcesarerenewable ifgrownina sustainablemeans and thesecantender incessantsupply ofraw materials.Amongthesenaturalpolymers,natural polysaccharides are considered asexcellentbiopolymers because these are nontoxic,stable,swellable,and biodegradable.Naturalpolysaccharidesare extractedfrom various naturalresources suchas plants,animals,fungus, seaweeds,etc.Severalresearch innovationshave alreadybeen made ontheapplications ofthesenaturalpolysaccharides indrugdelivery and biomedical applications.In thiscontext,thorough understanding ofextraction,purification, characterization,andapplications ofnaturalpolysaccharidesand theirderivatives fortheir utilityinvariousdrugdelivery and different biomedical applicationsneed tobe thoroughly understood. Thebook “NaturalPolysaccharides inDrugDeliveryandBiomedical Applications” provides a fundamentaloverview of various natural polysaccharides, theirsources, extractionmethodologies,characterizations, and theirapplications indrugdeliveryand biomedicaluses.Itcovers specific natural polysaccharidesof various types and their effective applications indrugdelivery and biomedical uses. Thisvolumeisa collectionof 26chaptersbytheacademicians and researchers ofpharmaceuticalandbiomedicalfields across theworld.A conciseaccountonthe contentsofeach chapterhas been described to providea glimpseof thebook tothe readers. Chapter 1entitled “NaturalPolysaccharides: Sources and Extraction Methodologies” describesvarioussources and extractionmethodologiesofnaturalpolysaccharides. Chapter 2entitled “Pharmaceutical Applications ofNaturalPolysaccharides”dealswith propertiesofnatural polysaccharides and theirapplicationsincellencapsulation,drug/gene delivery,proteinbinding, wound healing, tissue engineering, bioimaging,contactlenses and implants,antibacterialtextiles/papers,and antibacterialfoodadditives/packagingmaterials. Chapter 3entitled “Sodium alginate indrugdeliveryand biomedical areas” presentsan account ondifferent physicochemical properties,regulatorystatus,and variousapplications indrug deliveryeither alone orincombination withotherpolymersfor drugdelivery. xxiii Preface Chapter 4 entitled“Chitosan inDrug DeliveryApplications”givesan account onthe latest research onchitosan-based drugdelivery systemsalongwithitsmodificationsand their future applications. Chapter 5 entitled“XanthanGum in DrugDeliveryApplications” describes about the biochemistry, properties,and production ofxanthan gum withitsapplications in pharmaceuticaldrugdelivery,cosmetic,biomedical,and foodindustries. Chapter 6 entitled“Gellan gum in DrugDeliveryApplications” presentsa detailedaccount onsources,structure, and propertiesofgellangum with emphasizingrecent advances relatedtothedevelopmentofdifferentgellan gumebased drugdelivery systems. Chapter 7 entitled“GuarGuminDrugDeliveryApplications” givesa detailedaccounton differenttypesofguargumebased drugdelivery carrierswith specialfocuses ondifferent dosage formssuch astablets,beads, microspheres,nanoparticles,and hydrogelsin single or in combinationwith other variety ofbiodegradablepolymers,e.g.,copolymers,grafts, blends,andinterpenetrating polymernetworks. Chapter 8 entitled“Locust BeanGum inDrugDeliveryApplication” presentsa detailed account onthe processing ofthe locustbean gum,theirproperties, synergistic interaction, anditsapplications inpharmaceuticaldrugdelivery. Chapter 9 entitled“SterculiaGuminDrugDelivery Applications” givesa detailedaccount onthe source, composition, properties,and applicationsofsterculiagum, witha comprehensiveoverview onthe current developmentof differentsterculiagum-based preparationsindrug delivery. Chapter 10entitled“Pectinin DrugDeliveryApplications” dealswiththe textreportson prebioticeffect,hypoglycemiceffect,hypocholesterolemiceffect,the alleged effecton metastasisand apoptosisincancer cells,and matricesforcontrolled and target-directed releaseof therapeuticcompounds applications. Chapter 11entitled“Cashew GuminDrugDeliveryApplications” presentsa comprehensive anduseful discussion about cashew gum indesigninganddevelopmentofbiodegradable, biocompatible dosage forms.In addition, thechaptercomprises a briefdiscussion aboutthe source,isolation, chemical constituents, and properties ofcashew gum. Chapter 12entitled“Tamarind GuminDrugDeliveryApplications” includesa comprehensiveanduseful discussion about theapplications oftamarind gum inthe designingofvariousdrugdelivery systems. Inaddition,the articlealso briefly discusses about source,isolation, chemical composition, and propertiesoftamarind gum. Chapter 13entitled“HyaluronicAcid inDrugDeliveryApplications” gives adetailed account onrecent updatesofhyaluronic acidinthe formulation ofvarious drugdelivery systems.This chapteralso presentsan insight intothe importance ofhyaluronic aciduses in thedevelopmentoftargeteddrugvectors. xxiv

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