Natural Polymer Drug Delivery Systems: Nanoparticles, Plants, and Algae

235 Pages·2016·3.97 MB·English

by  Saurabh Bhatia (auth.)

Saurabh Bhatia
Natural
Polymer
Drug Delivery
Systems
Nanoparticles, Plants, and Algae
Natural Polymer Drug Delivery Systems

Saurabh Bhatia
Natural Polymer Drug
Delivery Systems
Nanoparticles, Plants, and Algae
Saurabh Bhatia
Assistant Professor
School of Medical and Allied Sciences
GD Goenka University
Gurgaon , India
ISBN 978-3-319-41128-6 ISBN 978-3-319-41129-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41129-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016944154
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
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Author Bio

Saurabh Bhatia, is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the School of
Medical and Allied sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. He
has several years of academic experience, teaching such specialized subjects as
Natural product science, nanotechnology, biotechnology, parasitology, polymeric
sciences, biomaterials. He has promoted several marine algae and their derived
polymers throughout India. He has written more than 30 international publications
in these areas and has been an active participant of more than 35 national and inter-
national conferences. So far he has successfully fi nished nine books in pharma and
its allied sciences. His published books include Modern Applications of Plant
Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences , Academic press, Elsevier, 2015;
Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery: Fundamentals, Design, and Applications , Apple
Academic Press 2016; Leishmaniasis: Biology, Control and New Approaches for Its
Treatment , Apple Academic Press 2016; Natural polymer drug delivery systems:
Nanoparticles, plants and algae, Springer, 2016, N atural polymer drug delivery
systems: Nanoparticles, Mammals and microbes , Springer, 2016. Dr. Bhatia has
graduated from Kurushetra University followed by M. Pharm from Bharati
Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India. He has received his Ph.D. degree from Jadavpur
University, Kolkata, India.
v

Contents
1 Nanotechnology and Its Drug Delivery Applications ............................. 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
1.2 Historical Prospects of Nanotechnology ............................................ 2
1.3 Promising Role in Drug Delivery ...................................................... 3
1.3.1 Nanoparticles and Drug Delivery .......................................... 8
1.3.2 Use of NPs Formulation in Drug Delivery ............................ 9
1.3.3 Cellular and Intracellular Targets ........................................... 11
1.3.4 The Brain—The Ultimate Target for Drug Delivery.............. 12
1.4 Innovations in Nanotechnology ......................................................... 14
1.5 Nanotechnology Theory to Applications ........................................... 16
1.6 Nanomedicine/Nanoscience/Nano-Engineering
and Relationship with Drug Delivery ................................................ 19
1.6.1 Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery ......................................... 19
1.6.2 Nanoengineering and Drug Delivery ..................................... 21
1.7 Types of Nanodelivery: Natural or Synthetic ..................................... 23
1.7.1 Synthetic Polymers ................................................................ 23
1.7.2 Natural Polymers ................................................................... 23
1.8 Natural and Synthetic Polymeric Nanoparticles ................................ 24
2 Nanoparticles Types, Classification, Characterization,
Fabrication Methods and Drug Delivery Applications .......................... 33
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 34
2.2 Classifi cation of Nanoparticles .......................................................... 40
2.3 Characterization of Nanoparticles ...................................................... 40
2.3.1 Particle Size ........................................................................... 40
2.3.2 Surface Charge ....................................................................... 43
2.3.3 Surface Hydrophobicity ......................................................... 44
2.3.4 Drug Release .......................................................................... 44
vii
viii Contents
2.4 Preparation of Nanoparticles .............................................................. 44
2.4.1 Solvent Evaporation Method ............................................... 45
2.4.2 Spontaneous Emulsifi cation or Solvent Diffusion
Method ................................................................................. 46
2.4.3 Double Emulsion and Evaporation Method ........................ 46
2.4.4 Salting Out Method ............................................................. 46
2.4.5 Emulsions-Diffusion Method .............................................. 47
2.4.6 Solvent Displacement/Precipitation Method ....................... 48
2.4.7 Coacervation or Ionic Gelation Method .............................. 48
2.4.8 Polymerization Method ....................................................... 49
2.4.9 Production of Nanoparticles Using Supercritical
Fluid Technology ................................................................. 49
2.5 Most Favorable Requirements for Designing Therapeutic
Nanoparticles ..................................................................................... 50
2.6 Types of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems .............................................. 51
2.6.1 Carbon Based Structures ..................................................... 51
2.6.2 Fullerenes ............................................................................ 53
2.6.3 Quantum Dots ...................................................................... 54
2.6.4 Nanoshells ........................................................................... 56
2.6.5 Nanobubbles ........................................................................ 57
2.6.6 Paramagnetic Nanoparticles ................................................ 58
2.6.7 Nanosomes .......................................................................... 59
2.6.8 Pharmacyte .......................................................................... 59
2.6.9 Dendrimers .......................................................................... 60
2.6.10 Nanopores ............................................................................ 64
2.6.11 Microbivores ........................................................................ 64
2.6.12 Nanocrystals and Nanosuspension ...................................... 65
2.6.13 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles .................................................... 65
2.6.14 Silicon-Based Structures ..................................................... 66
2.6.15 Metallic Nanoparticles ......................................................... 67
2.6.16 Liposomes ............................................................................ 67
2.6.17 Polymeric Micelles .............................................................. 68
2.6.18 Polymer Drug Conjugate ..................................................... 69
2.6.19 Polyplexes/Lipopolyplexes .................................................. 69
2.6.20 Respirocytes......................................................................... 69
2.6.21 Polymeric Nanoparticles ..................................................... 70
2.6.22 Applications of Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems ............. 72
2.6.23 Passive Targeting ................................................................. 73
2.6.24 Active Targeting ................................................................... 73
2.6.25 Tumor Targeting Using Nanoparticulate
Delivery Systems ................................................................. 75
2.6.26 Long-Circulating and Target-Specifi c Nanoparticles .......... 76
2.6.27 Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Peptides
and Proteins ......................................................................... 78
2.6.28 Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery ......................................... 79
Contents ix
2.6.29 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery into the Brain .................. 80
2.6.30 Anthrax Vaccine Uses Nanoparticles
to Produce Immunity ........................................................... 81
2.6.31 Stem Cell Therapy ............................................................... 81
2.6.32 Gold Nanoparticles Detect Cancer ...................................... 82
2.7 Hazards and Toxicity Profi le of Nanoparticles .................................. 84
2.7.1 Health Implication of Nanoparticles ................................... 84
3 Natural Polymers vs Synthetic Polymer ................................................. 95
3.1 Bioengineered Materials: Nano-Engines
of Drug Delivery Systems .................................................................. 95
3.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles .................................................................... 96
3.3 Contemporary Methodologies for Fabrication
of Polymeric Nanoparticles ................................................................ 97
3.4 Activation-Modulated Drug Delivery: Environmental
Activation/Stimuli Responsive Smart Delivery System..................... 98
3.5 Time to Move on Innovative Methods of Administration .................. 100
3.6 History of Drug Delivery from the Ancient to Date .......................... 102
3.6.1 Historical Role of Polymers as Plastics ............................... 105
3.7 Shift from Nature to Synthetic (Including the Merits
and Demerits of Synthetic Polymers) ................................................ 106
3.7.1 Natural Polymers and Synthetic Polymers for Scaffolds .... 109
3.7.2 Natural vs Synthetic Polymer (as Biomaterial) ................... 110
3.7.3 Natural vs Synthetic Polymer in Tissue Engineering .......... 112
3.7.4 Natural vs Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels ............................ 113
3.8 Natural Polymers (Reasons for Reverting to Nature) ........................ 114
3.8.1 Need of Natural Polymers ................................................... 115
3.8.2 Disadvantages of Herbal Polymers ...................................... 116
4 Plant Derived Polymers, Properties, Modification & Applications ...... 119
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 119
4.2 Sources of Plant Polymers ................................................................. 121
4.3 Methods of Extractions ...................................................................... 124
4.3.1 Cold Extraction .................................................................... 124
4.3.2 Hot Extraction [Mild Acidic (EHA), Alkaline (EHB)
and Radical Hydrolysis (EHR)] ........................................... 125
4.3.3 Radical Hydrolysis (EHR) ................................................... 125
4.3.4 Microwave Assisted Extraction (EM) .................................. 125
4.3.5 Ultrasonic Extraction (EU) .................................................. 126
4.3.6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis (EE) ................................................. 126
4.4 Chemical Composition Analysis ........................................................ 126
4.5 Physical Properties ............................................................................. 126
4.5.1 Determination of Gelling Strength (GS) ............................. 126
4.5.2 Determination of Gelling Temperature (GT)
and Melting Temperature (MT) ........................................... 126
4.5.3 Viscosity Measurement (VS) ................................................. 127
4.5.4 Molecular Mass Determination (MM) ................................... 127