Natural Organic Matter in Water: Characterization, Treatment Methods, and Climate change Impact PDF
Preview Natural Organic Matter in Water: Characterization, Treatment Methods, and Climate change Impact
NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER IN WATER This page intentionally left blank NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER IN WATER CHARACTERIZATION, TREATMENT METHODS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT SECOND EDITION MIKA SILLANPÄÄ LUT University, Finland YURI PARK LUT University, Finland Butterworth-Heinemannis animprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor, Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Details onhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissions policiesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier. com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotected under copyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnew research andexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearch methods,professional practices,ormedical treatment maybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperience andknowledge inevaluating andusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation ormethods theyshouldbemindfulof theirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey havea professionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neither thePublishernortheauthors,contributors, or editors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asa matterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,or fromanyuseor operationof anymethods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-824274-2 Forinformation onallButterworth-Heinemann publications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:Candice Janco Acquisitions Editor: LouisaMunro EditorialProjectManager:JoshuaMearns ProductionProjectManager:Paul Prasad Chandramohan CoverDesigner: Christian Bilbow TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contents 1. General introduction 1 Abbreviations 2 References 12 2. Impact of climate and atmospheric pressures on natural organic matter concentration and surface water treatment practices 19 Abbreviations 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Drivers ofincreasingDOC 22 2.3 Predicting futureDOCconcentration underclimatescenarios 30 2.4 Impacton watertreatment 31 2.5 Conclusions 34 References 35 3. Characterization of natural organic matter 43 Abbreviations 44 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Generalparameters 47 3.3 Biological tests 50 3.4 Isolation andconcentration 51 3.5 Fractionation 51 3.6 Spectroscopic methods 55 3.7 Chromatographic methods 64 3.8 Other characterization methods 71 3.9 Conclusions 77 References 78 4. NOM removal by coagulation 93 Abbreviations 93 4.1 Introduction 94 4.2 Aluminum-based coagulants 99 4.3 Ferric-based coagulants 101 4.4 Inorganicpolymer flocculants 101 4.5 Organic polyelectrolytes 104 v vi Contents 4.6 Composite coagulants 107 4.7 Novelcoagulants 109 4.8 Conclusions 111 References 112 5. NOM removal by electrochemical methods 121 Abbreviations 121 5.1 Introduction 122 5.2 Principles ofECandEOtechnologies 123 5.3 ECandEO technologiesin NOMremoval 130 5.4 Conclusions 142 References 144 6. Membranes 151 Abbreviations 151 6.1 Introduction 152 6.2 Microfiltration 154 6.3 Ultrafiltration 155 6.4 Nanofiltration 170 6.5 Reverseosmosis 179 6.6 Membrane fouling 180 6.7 Conclusions 185 References 186 7. NOM removal by biofiltration 195 Abbreviations 196 7.1 Introduction 196 7.2 TypesofbiofiltrationandtheirroleinNOMremoval 197 7.3 NOMremovalmechanisms duringbiofiltration 198 7.4 FactorsthatinfluenceNOMremovalduringbiofiltration 200 7.5 Metrics andmonitoring toolsforNOMremovalinbiofilters 212 7.6 Conclusions 217 References 219 8. NOM removal by advanced oxidation processes 225 Abbreviations 225 8.1 Introduction 226 8.2 AopsinNOMremoval 228 8.3 UVlight-basedapplications 232 8.4 Fentonprocesses 240 Contents vii 8.5 Heterogeneous photocatalysis andcatalytic oxidation 241 8.6 Ultrasound irradiationande-beamirradiation 252 8.7 Conclusions 254 References 257 9. NOM removal by adsorption 267 Abbreviations 267 9.1 Introduction 268 9.2 Removal ofNOManditsconstituentsfromwaterusingadsorbents 269 9.3 Conclusion andoutlook 285 References 286 10. Ion exchange 291 Abbreviations 291 10.1 Introduction 292 10.2 RemovalofNOMfromwater byionexchange 294 10.3 Conclusion 324 References 325 11. Integrated methods 329 11.1 Introduction 329 11.2 Coupling coagulationwithotherprocesses 329 11.3 Coupling membranetechnologywithotherprocesses 333 11.4 Conclusions 348 References 349 Index 357 This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER 1 General introduction Mika Sillanpää1,2,3,4 and Yuri Park5 1DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,SchoolofMining,MetallurgyandChemicalEngineering, UniversityofJohannesburg,Johannesburg,SouthAfrica;2ChemistryDepartment,CollegeofScience, KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia;3DepartmentofAppliedPhysics,FacultyofScienceand Technology,UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysiaBangi,Selangor,Malaysia;4InternationalResearchCentre ofNanotechnologyforHimalayanSustainability(IRCNHS),ShooliniUniversity,Solan,Himachal Pradesh,India;5InstituteofEnvironmentalTechnology,DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering, SeoulNationalUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Seoul,SouthKorea Abstract Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex matrix of organic materials and a key component in aquatic environments. As a result of the interactions between the hydrologic cycle and the biosphere and geosphere, the water sources of drinking water generally contain NOM. The amount, character, and properties of NOM vary considerably according to the origins of the waters and depend on the biogeo- chemical cycles of their surrounding environments. Also, the interrelation between NOM and climate change has attracted a great deal of attention in recent research. NOM has a significant impact on many aspects of water treatment, including the performance of unit processes, necessity for and application of water treatment chemicals, and the biological stability of the water. As a result, NOM affects potable water quality as a carrier of metals and hydrophobic organic chemicals and by contributingtoundesirablecolor,taste,andodorproblems.Moreover,NOMhasbeen found to be the major contributor to disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. Changes in NOM quantity and quality have a significant influence on the selection, design, and operation of water treatment processes. These changes also cause operationaldifficultiesinwaterutilities.Highseasonalvariabilityandthetrendtoward elevatedlevelsofNOMconcentrationposechallengestowatertreatmentfacilitiesin terms of operational optimization and proper process control. To improve and opti- mize these processes, it is vital to characterize and quantify NOM at various stages during the purification and treatment process. It is also essential to be able to un- derstandandpredictthereactivityofNOMoritsfractionsduringdifferentphasesof the treatment. Once the composition and quantity of NOM in the water source has beenexamined,suitablemethodsforefficientNOMremovalcanbeapplied.Nosingle processalonecanbeusedtotreatNOMduetoitshighvariability. Keywords: Characterization; Climatechange;Coagulation; Drinkingwater; Natural organicmatter(NOM); Wateranalysis;Watertreatment. NaturalOrganicMatterinWater ISBN978-0-12-824274-2 ©2023ElsevierInc. 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824274-2.00003-X Allrightsreserved.
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