Natural Order: Historical Studies of Scientific Culture (SAGE Focus Editions)

264 Pages·1979·7.816 MB·English

by  Barry Barnes, Steven Shapin

WITHDRAWN

1
■* 'O'
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
BARRY BARNES has lectured in the
sociology of science at the Science
Studies Unit, Edinburgh University
since 1968, having been trained in the
natural sciences at Cambridge Univer
sity and in sociology at Essex Uni¬
versity. His main interest is in the soci¬
ology of knowledge and culture, and,
for a number of years, has been study¬
ing natural science as a typical form
of culture, amenable to the normal
methods of study of sociology and an¬
thropology. He edited the Peguin
anthology of the Sociology of Science
(1972). Among his publications are
books on Scientific Knowledge and
Sociological Theory (Routledge and
Kegan Paul, 1974) and Interests and
the Growth of Knowledge (Routledge
and Kegan Paul, 1977).
STEVEN SHAPIN is Lecuter in the
History of Science at the Science
Studies Unit, Edinburg University. He
was trained in biology and genetics at
Reed College, Oregon, and the Uni¬
versity of Wisconsin, and received a
Ph.D. in the history and sociology of
science at the University of Pennsyl¬
vania in 1971. He has published papers
on the social history of British science
in the 18th and 19th centuries, and has
been especially interested in Scottish
science and sociological approaches
to scientific knowledge. He is presently
at work on a book on science and social
change in Edinburgh, 1780-1850.
SAGE FOCUS EDITIONS
1. POLICE AND SOCIETY
edited by DAVID H. BAYLEY
2. WHY NATIONS ACT: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
FOR COMPARATIVE FOREIGN POLICY STUDIES
edited by MAURICE A. EAST, STEPHEN A. SALMORE, and
CHARLES F. HERMANN
3. EVALUATION RESEARCH METHODS: A BASIC GUIDE
edited by LEONARD RUTMAN
4. SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AS ADVOCATES: VIEWS FROM
THE APPLIED DISCIPLINES
edited by GEORGE H. WEBER and GEORGE J. McCALL
5. DYNAMICS OF GROUP DECISIONS
edited by HERMANN. BRANDSTATTER,
JAMES H. DAVIS, and HEINZ SCHULER
6. NATURAL ORDER: HISTORICAL STUDIES OF
SCIENTIFIC CULTURE
edited by BARRY BARNES and STEVEN SHAPIN
■MTIML
niER
Historical Studies of
Scientific Culture
edilGd by
Barry Barnes and
Steven Shapin
SAGE PUBLICATIONS Beverly Hills/London
! L S B R A R \ ;
\ (JUL 2 2 1980
*
5 UNIVERSITY OF THE PACIFIC
373911
Copyright © 1979 by Sage Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo¬
copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information address:
SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC. SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
275 South Beverly Drive 28 Banner Street
Beverly Hills, California 90212 London ECIY 8QE England
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Natural order.
(Sage focus editions; 6)
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Science—History. I. Title: Scientific culture. II. Barnes, Barry.
III. Shapin, Steven. IV. Series.
Q125.N36 509 78-19650
ISBN 0-8039-0958-6
ISBN 0-8039-0959-4 pbk.
FIRST PRINTING
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
7
Introduction
9
Part One: Body Order
1. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SOCIETY IN THE
SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT
Christopher Lawrence 19
2. HOMO PHRENOLOGICUS: Anthropological Perspectives
on an Historical Problem
Steven Shapin 41
3. THE POWER OF THE BODY: The Early
Nineteenth Century
Roger Cooter 73
Part Two: The Rise of Naturalism
4. CREATION AND CREDENCE: The Career of Theories
of the Earth in Britain, 1660-1820
Roy Porter 97
5. DARWIN AND SOCIAL DARWINISM:
Purity and History
Steven Shapin and Barry Barnes 125
. THE RECEPTION OF A MATHEMATICAL THEORY:
6
Non-Euclidean Geometry in England, 1868-1883
Joan L. Richards I43
7. PHYSICS AND PSYCHICS: Science, Symbolic Action,
and Social Control in Late Victorian England.
Brian Wynne 167
Part Three: The Social Basis of Scientific Controversy
. SCIENTIFIC JUDGMENT: The Biometry-Mendelism
8
Controversy
Donald MacKenzie and Barry Barnes 191
9. CONTROVERSY OVER CLASSIFICATION: A Case
Study from the History of Botany
John Dean 211
10. HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND THE
LEGITIMATION OF SOCIAL POLICY
Jonathan Harwood 231
About the Authors 253
'Vilt
'j r»^ * ■"■' , '■<
"I- ;
. »1 . ■.'*>' t. \ *
■'J.I ■ ■<: .
"Tf *©
• . ;■'
JHi
.y*^ t-t‘ - V { . j;yr i
**«r4i.Ci.4?' <0 *itJl:
<fT. . 31' ■* 1*1 '
if’/ {‘.Mfi/ V/rJfj* >-
Vr jAr.f w C^A «5. =
-.»
»SL »>." «si#[ ^I'lk Jfc.uWi
■*^iiM»t9itu ^ ■■**" \
‘ • ‘’JMiir *!!.>.
I.-., - . .,yi^*/ if^i v"-!
gp't- , , ' ».j»^, ■ itf . « t3; : "• ’ _» ■..
f-jl* J’T* * ' .* -■•■. * t/^vi
1
t ^ V '^r,.
► Wi . Y
p .»;; ^
'''^■- m‘*/, '■ • ■**■''
'i .• - ' •Jw Vi
'Jt' * \%h
.\»-^;. > ■> •.**?■;!j
i^iT* ! '■ *’• x ' »<'= ^' K
< ^*>4
•<ai.xo% Mrx)n&
■ ^ -^.VA
“ \ ^
- ■
' IA. f * -- .V . .. 2