Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream

572 Pages·2019·19.113 MB·English

by  Nimir O. Elbashir (Editor), Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi (Editor), Ioannis G. Economou (Editor), Kenneth R. Hall (Editor)

NaturalGasProcessingfromMidstreamtoDownstream
Natural Gas Processing from Midstream
to Downstream
Editedby
NimirO.Elbashir
TexasA&MUniversityatQatar,Qatar
MahmoudM.El-Halwagi
TexasA&MUniversity,USA
IoannisG.Economou
TexasA&MUniversityatQatar,Qatar
KennethR.Hall
BryanResearch&Engineering
Texas,USA
Thiseditionfirstpublished2019
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Elbashir,NimirO.M.,1969–editor.|El-Halwagi,MahmoudM.,1962–
editor.|Economou,IoannisG.,editor.|Hall,K.R.(KennethR.),editor.
Title:Naturalgasprocessingfrommidstreamtodownstream/editedbyNimir
O.Elbashir,MahmoudM.El-Halwagi,IoannisG.Economou,KennethR.Hall.
Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2019.|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2018027442(print)|LCCN2018042360(ebook)|ISBN
9781119269632(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119269625(ePub)|ISBN9781119270256
(hardcover)
Subjects:LCSH:Naturalgas.|Chemicalprocesses.
Classification:LCCTP350(ebook)|LCCTP350.N364562018(print)|DDC
665.7/3–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018027442
CoverdesignbyWiley
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Toourfamiliesandchildren
TothememoryofourcolleagueProfessorM.SamMannan.
vii
Contents
ListofContributors xix
AbouttheEditors xxv
Preface xxvii
1 IntroductiontoNaturalGasMonetization 1
NimirO.Elbashir
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 NaturalGasChain 2
1.3 MonetizationRoutesforNaturalGas 4
1.3.1 LargeIndustriesandPowerPlants 4
1.3.2 Small/MediumIndustriesandCommercialUsers 6
1.3.3 Residential 7
1.3.4 NaturalGasExport 7
1.3.4.1 PipelineExport 7
1.3.4.2 LiquefiedNaturalGas(LNG) 8
1.4 NaturalGasConversiontoChemicalsandFuels 9
1.5 Summary 13
Acknowledgment 13
References 13
2 Techno-EconomicAnalysesandPolicyImplicationsofEnvironmental
RemediationofShaleGasWellsintheBarnettShales 15
RashaHasaneen,AndrewAvalos,NathanSibley,andMohammedShammaa
2.1 Introduction 15
2.1.1 FramingtheIssues:TheEnergyandEnvironmentalEquation 15
2.1.2 WellLifecycleAnalysisandEnvironmentalImpacts 17
2.2 ShaleGasOperations 18
2.2.1 SummaryofShaleGasOperations 18
2.2.2 HydraulicFracturingandWaterImpacts 19
2.2.2.1 FreshWaterConsumption 20
2.2.2.2 TransportationandDisposalofProducedWater 20
2.2.3 FuelUsage 21
2.2.4 SeismicityandSeismicImplications 21
2.3 TheBarnettShale 22
2.4 EnvironmentalRemediationofGreenhouseGasEmissionsUsing
NaturalGasasaFuel 22
2.4.1 SingleFuel,Bi-Fuel,orDualFuel 23
viii Contents
2.4.2 FormsofNaturalGas 23
2.4.3 EnvironmentalImpact 24
2.5 EnvironmentalRemediationofWaterandSeismicImpacts 24
2.5.1 WaterlessFracturing 24
2.5.1.1 LiquefiedPetroleumGasFracturing 25
2.5.1.2 CarbonDioxideFracturing 25
2.5.2 RecyclingProducedWater 26
2.5.2.1 FracturingwithProducedWater 26
2.5.2.2 TreatingWastewater 27
2.6 TheoreticalCalculations 28
2.6.1 CurrentOperations 28
2.6.1.1 KeyAssumptions 28
2.6.1.2 FuelUsagebyWell 28
2.6.1.3 AnnualFuelUsageandCosts 30
2.6.1.4 GreenhouseGasEmissionsfromFuelBurn 30
2.6.1.5 HydraulicFracturingImpacts 31
2.6.2 OperationsafterEnvironmentalRemediationofGreenhouseGases 31
2.6.2.1 ConversiontoDualFuelSystems 31
2.6.2.2 EnvironmentalImprovements 32
2.6.3 OperationsafterEnvironmentalRemediationofHydraulicFracturing 32
2.6.3.1 WaterlessFracturing 32
2.6.3.2 EnvironmentalImprovements 34
2.6.4 NetPresentValueandExpectedCapitalOutlay 34
2.7 ResultsandDiscussion 35
2.7.1 ImprovedOperationswithEnvironmentalRemediationofGreenhouseGas
Emissions 35
2.7.1.1 CapitalInvestmentAnalysis 37
2.7.1.2 BroaderEconomicandEnvironmentalBenefits 38
2.7.2 ImprovedOperationswithAlternativeFracturingFluids 39
2.7.2.1 CostofAlternativeFracturingFluids 41
2.7.2.2 AvailabilityofSaltWaterDisposalSites 42
2.7.2.3 FracturingwithCO vs.LPG 43
2
2.7.2.4 FlowbackandRecyclingofFracturingFluid 45
2.7.2.5 SeismicImplications 46
2.7.2.6 UnlockingAridandWaterSensitiveShales 46
2.7.2.7 BroaderEconomicandEnvironmentalBenefits 47
2.7.3 EnvironmentalandMicroeconomicImpactsofCombinedTechnology
Alternatives 47
2.8 OpportunitiesforFutureResearch 49
References 50
3 ThermodynamicModelingofNaturalGasandGasCondensate
Mixtures 57
EpaminondasVoutsas,NefeliNovak,VasilikiLouli,GeorgiaPappa,EiriniPetropoulou,
ChristosBoukouvalas,EleniPanteli,andStathisSkouras
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 ThermodynamicModels 61
3.2.1 Peng-RobinsonEoS 61
3.2.2 PC-SAFTEoS 61
Contents ix
3.2.3 UMR-PRU 63
3.3 PredictionofNaturalGasDewPoints 64
3.3.1 SyntheticNaturalGases 65
3.3.2 RealNaturalGases 67
3.4 PredictionofDewPointsandLiquidDropoutinGasCondensates 70
3.4.1 SyntheticGasCondensates 71
3.4.2 RealGasCondensates 72
3.4.2.1 CharacterizationofthePlusFraction 73
3.4.2.2 DewPointPredictions 75
3.5 CaseStudy:SimulationofaTopsideOffshoreProcess 75
3.6 ConcludingRemarks 81
References 82
4 CO InjectioninCoalFormationsforEnhancedCoalbedMethaneandCO
2 2
Sequestration 89
AhmedFaridIbrahimandHishamA.Nasr-El-Din
4.1 CoalbedCharacteristics 89
4.2 AdsorptionIsothermBehavior 91
4.3 CoalWettability 95
4.4 CO Injectivity 101
2
4.5 PilotFieldTests 106
4.6 Conclusions 108
References 108
5 FluidFlow:Basics 113
PaulA.Nelson,ToddJ.Willman,andVinayGadekar
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 ThermodynamicsofFluids 116
5.2.1 FirstLawofThermodynamics 117
5.2.2 SecondLawofThermodynamics 118
5.2.3 HeatCapacity 118
5.2.4 PropertiesofaPerfectGas 119
5.2.5 EquationsofState 120
5.3 FundamentalEquationsofFluidMechanics 121
5.3.1 ContinuityEquation 121
5.3.2 MomentumBalance 122
5.3.3 Bernoulli’sEquation 123
5.3.4 MechanicalEnergyBalance 124
5.3.5 TotalEnergyBalance 125
5.3.6 SpeedofSound 125
5.4 IncompressiblePipelineFlow 126
5.4.1 ReynoldsNumber 126
5.4.2 FrictionFactor 127
5.4.3 K-FactorsforFittings 127
5.4.4 FoulingFactor 128
5.4.5 OtherHeadLossandGainTerms 128
5.4.6 ExampleApplication 129
5.5 LaminarFlow 130
5.6 CompressiblePipelineFlow 132
x Contents
5.6.1 IntroductoryRemarks 132
5.6.2 IsothermalFlow 132
5.6.3 BernoulliApproximation 133
5.6.4 IsentropicFlow 133
5.6.5 PolytropicFlow 134
5.6.6 AdiabaticFlow 134
5.6.7 ChokedFlow 137
5.6.8 RationalizationwithBernoulli’sEquation 138
5.6.9 ExampleApplication 139
5.7 ComparisonwithCraneHandbook 139
References 142
6 FluidFlow:AdvancedTopics 143
PaulA.Nelson,MoyeWicksIII,ToddJ.Willman,andVinayGadekar
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Notation 143
6.3 PipingNetworks 145
6.3.1 NetworkFlow 145
6.3.2 StagnationPressureandTemperature 146
6.3.2.1 Incompressible 146
6.3.2.2 Isothermal 147
6.3.2.3 Isentropic 148
6.3.2.4 Adiabatic 149
6.3.3 FlowBetweenVessels 150
6.3.3.1 Incompressible 150
6.3.3.2 Compressible 150
6.3.4 TheSystemofEquations 151
6.3.5 ExampleApplication 151
6.4 Meters 152
6.4.1 IncompressibleFlowThroughaMeter 152
6.4.2 CompressibleFlowThroughaMeter 153
6.4.3 IndividualMeterTypes 155
6.4.3.1 OrificeMeter 155
6.4.3.2 FlowNozzle 155
6.4.3.3 VenturiTube 156
6.4.4 ChokedFlowThroughaMeter 156
6.4.4.1 CriticalPressureRatio 157
6.4.4.2 MaximumFlowRate 157
6.4.5 ExampleProblem 158
6.5 ControlValves 159
6.5.1 IncompressibleFlowThroughaControlValve 159
6.5.2 CompressibleFlowThroughaControlValve 159
6.5.3 ExampleProblem 161
6.6 Two-PhaseGas-LiquidFlow 161
6.6.1 IntroductoryRemarks 161
6.6.2 TheMethodofDuklerandTaitel 162
6.6.3 PressureDropinTwo-PhaseFlow 164
6.6.4 TheHomogeneousFlowModel 165
6.6.5 TemperatureEffects 166
Contents xi
6.6.6 CommentontheEffectofChangeinElevation 167
6.6.7 IsothermalFlow 167
6.6.8 IsentropicFlow 168
6.6.9 AdiabaticFlow 170
References 171
7 UseofProcessSimulatorsUpstreamThroughMidstream 173
JustinC.Slagle
7.1 Introduction 173
7.1.1 TheOriginofHydrocarbonProcessSimulation 173
7.1.2 WhatIsaProcessSimulator? 174
7.2 Upstream 174
7.2.1 DownHolePVT 175
7.2.2 WellSite 176
7.2.3 Pipelines 178
7.2.4 Compressor/PumpStations 180
7.2.5 Methanol/EthyleneGlycolInjection 180
7.2.6 Tanks 182
7.3 Midstream 183
7.3.1 AmineSweetening 184
7.3.2 SulfurRecovery 184
7.3.3 TailGasTreatment 186
7.3.4 SourWaterStripper 187
7.3.5 Incinerator/Flare 189
7.3.6 GlycolDehydration 189
7.3.7 NGLRecovery 190
7.3.8 NGLFractionation 192
7.4 GoingFurther 192
Acknowledgement 196
References 196
8 OptimizationofNaturalGasNetworkOperationunderUncertainty 197
EmmanuelOgbe,AliElkamel,MichaelFowler,andAliAlmansoori
8.1 Introduction 198
8.2 LiteratureReview 199
8.3 NaturalGasSupplyChains 200
8.4 OptimizationModel 202
8.4.1 MathematicalNotation 202
8.4.2 ConsideringGasQualityinNaturalGasProductionOperation 202
8.4.3 ModelfortheNaturalGasNetworkSystem 204
8.4.3.1 ModelfortheSources 204
8.4.3.2 ModelforMixingStations 205
8.4.3.3 ModelforEndUsers 206
8.4.3.4 PressureModel 206
8.4.3.5 PipelinePerformanceModel 207
8.4.3.6 CompressionPerformancemodel 207
8.5 ComputationStudy 208
8.5.1 Implementation 208
8.5.2 CaseStudyandDescription 208
xii Contents
8.6 ResultsandDiscussion 209
8.7 ConclusionsandRecommendations 212
References 213
Appendix 215
8.A.1 StochasticModelfortheSources 216
8.A.2 StochasticModelforMixingStations 216
8.A.3 StochasticModelforEndUsers 217
8.A.4 StochasticPipelinePerformanceModel 217
8.A.5 StochasticCompressionPerformanceModel 217
9 AMulticriteriaOptimizationApproachtotheSynthesisofShaleGas
MonetizationSupplyChains 219
AhmadAl-Douri,DebalinaSengupta,andMahmoudM.El-Halwagi
9.1 Introduction 219
9.2 Methodology 220
9.3 CaseStudy 221
9.3.1 ProblemStatement 221
9.3.2 EnvironmentalandSafetyMetrics 222
9.3.3 ObjectivesoftheCaseStudy 224
9.4 CaseStudyResults 224
9.4.1 Feedstock 224
9.4.2 ConversionTechnologies 224
9.4.3 BaseCaseProductPrices 225
9.4.4 PlantCostsandCapacityLimits 225
9.4.5 BaseCaseSolution 226
9.4.6 ReducedMethanolPriceCaseResults 227
9.4.7 ReducedUreaPriceCaseResults 229
9.4.8 BaseCaseEnvironmentalConsiderations 230
9.4.9 BaseCaseSafetyConsiderations 231
9.5 Conclusion 232
References 232
10 StudyfortheOptimalOperationofNaturalGasLiquidRecoveryand
NaturalGasProduction 235
MozammelMazumderandQiangXu
10.1 Introduction 235
10.2 MethodologyFramework 237
10.3 NewProcessDesignforNGLRecovery 238
10.3.1 Demethanizer 241
10.3.2 J-TExpansion 241
10.3.3 Turboexpander 242
10.3.4 Refrigeration 242
10.3.5 Compression 244
10.4 ThermodynamicAnalysisforPropaneRefrigerationSystem 244
10.4.1 LiquefactionProcessAnalysis 244
10.4.2 SimulationResultsandThermodynamicAnalysis 244
10.5 OptimizationforNaturalGasLiquefaction 245
10.5.1 OptimizationModelDevelopment 245
10.5.1.1 ObjectiveFunction 246