Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers PDF
Preview Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers
NATURAL GAS HYDRATES A Guide for Engineers Fourth Edition JOHN CARROLL Gas Liquids Engineering, Calgary, Canada GulfProfessionalPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorage andretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowto seekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professional practices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasa matterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofany methods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-821771-9 ForinformationonallGulfProfessionalPublishingpublicationsvisit ourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:JoeHayton SeniorAcquisitionsEditor:KatieHammon EditorialProjectManager:MeganAshdown ProductionProjectManager:PremKumarKaliamoorthi CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyTNQTechnologies This book is dedicated to my beautiful wife Ying (Alice) Wu, who I love deeply. She is a constant source of inspiration to me. Preface to the fourth edition Natural gas hydrates continue to be problematic in the production, transportation, and processing of natural gas. Companies spend millions of dollars attempting to mitigate problems that arise from these ice-like solid materials.Thepurposeofthisbookistwofold.Firstistoprovidethereader with an understanding of these mysterious compounds. Second is to provide the tools necessary to combat their formation or to remedy the situation when they form. The book structure is similar to the previous edition, but there are several new sections and subsections. There are new topics discussed in almost every chapter. Many of these ideas come from people who have attended my one-day course on hydrates. On a personal level, I find hydrates to be fascinating and studying them is truly rewarding. There are always new discoveries and deeper research into their behavior. As with past editions, the fourth edition of this book is intended for engineers. However, others who have to deal with hydrates will find some value in the material presented. It is not really a book for researchers but moredirectedtopeopleinthefieldwhomustconfrontthesepestmaterials. xi Preface to the third edition The objective of the third edition is the same as the first twodto give engineers in the field the concepts to understand hydrates. From this understanding they shouldbeable to implementstrategies to prevent them from forming andto combatthemwhen they form.Gas hydratescontinue to be a significant concern in the natural gas business. Companies spend millions of dollars attempting to mitigate problems that arise from these ice-like solid materials. With each new edition there are new discoveries to explore; new concepts to examine. Although the chapter structure remains unchanged from the Second Edition, there are several new topics included in almost every chapter. Most of these ideas come from people who have attended my one-day course on hydrates. For the author, hydrates remain a continuing interest because of their unusual properties and new discoveries. This makes them an engaging researchtopic.Butasaprocessengineer,theyremainaconcerninmydaily work as they are for many other engineers. Although the book is intended for engineers, others who have to deal with hydrates will find some value in the material presented. xiii Preface to the second edition The goal of the second edition is the same as the firstdto provide prac- ticing engineers the tools to deal with hydrates. One of the reasons that the author finds hydrates so interesting is their unusualproperties.Sincethetimeofthefirsteditionseveralnewproperties have come to light and are discussed in the second edition. These include thetypeofhydrate formedfrommixturesofmethaneandethane,hydrates of hydrogen, the role of isopropanol in hydrate formation, etc. All of these topics will be discussed. Another addition to the book is discussion of a few other hydrate formers. Notably, the hydrates of ethylene and propylene are included. Moreexamplesaretakenfromtheliteratureandadditionalcomparisons aremade.Anewsectiononthepredictionofhydrateformationinsourgas is also included. xv fi Preface to the rst edition Gas hydrates are of particular interest to those working in the natural gas industry. Thus the main audience for this book is the engineers and scientists who work in this field. Provided in this book are the tools for predicting hydrate formation and details on how to combat them. The reason for the genesis of this book was a one-day course presented to engineers who work in the natural gas business. In particular, these companies produce, process, and transport natural gas. The book has been expanded from the original set of class notes. Much of the new material came from feedback from attendees. Many people outside the field of natural gas have also attended the courseandfoundsomevalueinthematerial.Theseincludeoceanographers studying the hydrate deposits on the seabeds throughout the world. Astronomers investigating the possibility of hydrates on the planets of the solar system as well as other celestial bodies may also find some of the materialin thisbook ofsomeuse. And those who are simplycurious about these interesting compounds will find this book to be useful. The structure of the book is a little unusual. The chapters are meant to be approximately independent; however, they do follow from the more simple introductory topicsto themoreadvanced applications.Occasionally itisnecessarytotakeaconceptfromasubsequentchapterinordertomake a point in the current chapter. This is unfortunate, but it is also necessary. The purpose of this book is to explain exactly what gas hydrates are, under what conditions they form, and what can be done to combat their formation. Another purpose of this book is to explore some of the myths associated with gas hydrates. The material is organized and presented in such a way that the average engineer can use the information in their day-to-day work. Insomesectionsofthebook,especiallythosedealingwithdehydration, pipeline heat loss calculations, and lineheater design, the reader would benefitgreatly iftheyhave theabilityto calculatethephysicalproperties of natural gas. The properties of natural gas are not covered in this book. xvii Acknowledgments There are many people whom I must thank. Without their help and support, this book would not have been possible. First,Iwould liketo thankmyemployerGasLiquidsEngineering Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and in particular the principals of the company Douglas MacKenzie and James Maddocks. They allowed me the time to build the hydrates course upon which this book is based and provided me the time to write the manuscript. I would also like to thank them for the other resources they provided. This book would have been impossible without them. I would also like to thank my colleague Peter Griffin, also fromGasLiquidsEngineering,forhisencouragement.WithhishelpIhave been able to present this material throughout the world. WordscannotexpressmythankstoAlanE.MatheroftheUniversityof Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,Canada. Hewas my patient supervisor during mytimeasagraduatestudent,andhecontinuestobemymentor.Thecore of my knowledge of thermodynamics, and in particular how it relates to phase equilibrium, is a result of his teaching. Over the years we have collaborated on many interesting projects. In addition, he proofread early versions of the manuscript, which was enormously valuable. The book is the result of a one-day course on gas hydrates that I conducted. I have received positive feedback from many of those who attended. Some of their ideas have been added to the book. Thus, I thank allofthosewhoattendedthecourse.Manyoftheadditionstothebookare a direct result of feedback from attendees. I would be amiss if I did not also thank my loving wife, Ying Wu, for her endless support, encouragement, and love. I would like to express my gratitude to the Gas Processors Association (GPA)andtheGasProcessorsSuppliersAssociation(GPSA),bothofTulsa, Oklahoma, for permission to reproduce several figures from the GPSA EngineeringDataBook(11thed.).Furthermore,overtheyearstheseassoci- ationshavesponsoredasignificantamountofresearchintogashydrates.This research has been valuable both to the author of this book and others workinginthefield. The author would also like to thank the Center for Hydrates Research at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado and its Director Dr.CarolynKohandDirectorEmeritusDr.E.DendySloan.TheCenteris xix xx Acknowledgments a source of primary research into hydrates including experimental work, theoretical models, and software development. Their work is noted throughout this book. In particular, the Center for Hydrates Research, through Dr. Koh, has given this author permission to use their software CSMHYD and CSMGEM and to reproduce screen captures from them. I am very grateful for this access. I would also like to thank my friend Prof. Robert Marriott at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta. Prof. Marriott’s lab has expanded into the field of hydrates, making some important measurements some of which are reported here. Prof. Marriott is also a leader in the field of measuring water content of gas mixtures; a subject important to gas hy- drates. I have enjoyed our many conversations regarding these subjects.
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