Natural Compounds as Therapeutic Agents for Amyloidogenic Diseases PDF
Preview Natural Compounds as Therapeutic Agents for Amyloidogenic Diseases
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 863 Neville Vassallo Editor Natural Compounds as Therapeutic Agents for Amyloidogenic Diseases Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Volume 863 EditorialBoard IrunR.Cohen,TheWeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel N.S.AbelLajtha,KlineInstituteforPsychiatricResearch,Orangeburg,NY, USA JohnD.Lambris,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA RodolfoPaoletti,UniversityofMilan,Milan,Italy Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5584 Neville Vassallo Editor Natural Compounds as Therapeutic Agents for Amyloidogenic Diseases 123 Editor NevilleVassallo DepartmentofPhysiology andBiochemistry UniversityofMalta Msida,Malta ISSN0065-2598 ISSN2214-8019 (electronic) AdvancesinExperimentalMedicineandBiology ISBN978-3-319-18364-0 ISBN978-3-319-18365-7 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-18365-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015942700 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewhole orpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) Preface A large group of human diseases are characterised by the deposition of insolubleproteinaceouslesions,termedamyloid.Theunderlyingpathogenic process in these disorders involves the misfolding and self-assembly of nativemonomericproteinsintotoxic,multimericaggregates.Indeed,“protein misfolding” is one of the most researched topics in cell biology and sub- cellular biochemistry in recent years. To date, more than 20 amyloidogenic proteinshavebeenidentified,includingamyloid-betaandtauinAlzheimer’s disease, alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease, huntigtin in Huntington’s disease,superoxidedismutaseinamyotrophiclateralsclerosis,prionprotein inCreutzfeldt-Jakobdiseaseandisletamyloidpolypeptideintype2diabetes mellitus.Collectively,thesedisordersinflictanenormouseconomicalburden on societies, whilst being devastating at a personal level. It is therefore of paramount importance to understand their origin and learn how to treat, or prevent,them.Atpresent,therearenoapprovedtherapiesthattargetamyloid formationdirectly,butawealthofexperimentalandepidemiologicalevidence nowindicatesthatvariousnaturallyderivedcompoundshavebeneficialanti- amyloideffects. This book volume was written with the aim of disseminating the state- of-the-art and most recent knowledge of the field, highlighting the most promising nutra-therapeutics derived from natural compounds or extracts. The focus is mainly on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias; how- ever, Parkinson’s disease and other forms of cerebral amyloidosis are also discussed. Evidence is presented based upon published studies that have undergonerigorousscientificpeerreview.Researchesincludeacombination ofinvitro(biophysics,biochemistry,molecularandcellularbiology),invivo (fruit fly, transgenic mice and rats) and epidemiological (human) studies, so as to provide the reader with a holistic scientific approach. Among the therapeuticagentsthatarediscussedindetail,wefindMediterraneandietand olive oil polyphenols, teas and catechins, natural phenolic compounds and bioflavonoids.Giventherecentsurgeofpublicinterestinherbalmedicines,a chapter is devoted to evidence-based traditional Chinese medicine in brain ageing. Individual chapters are written by established scientists in their relevant fields; sufficient background is given in each chapter by way of introductiontothenon-expertreader.Hence,thisbookshouldbeofinterest to a wide audience, including academia, various health professionals, the nutraceuticalindustryandundergraduatestudentsreadingforpharmaceutical, medical,biologyandchemistrydegrees. v vi Preface Iconcludebystatingthat,onapersonallevel,themostnoblegoalofthis bookisthatwithourcollectivecontributionstoscientificprogress,weaimto provide hope for the future and hope for the many people suffering from as yetincurableamyloiddiseases.Thisbookis,afterall,dedicatedtothem. Msida,Malta NevilleVassallo Contents 1 OliveOilPhenolsasPromisingMulti-targetingAgentsAgainst Alzheimer’sDisease...................................... 1 StefaniaRigacci 2 Alzheimer’sDisease,Drosophilamelanogaster andPolyphenols.......................................... 21 MarleneJimenez-Del-RioandCarlosVelez-Pardo 3 BiflavonoidsasPotentialSmallMoleculeTherapeuticsfor Alzheimer’sDisease...................................... 55 ArjunThapaandEvaY.Chi 4 NaturalPhenolicCompoundsasTherapeuticandPreventive AgentsforCerebralAmyloidosis........................... 79 MasahitoYamada, KenjiroOno, TsuyoshiHamaguchi, andMoekoNoguchi-Shinohara 5 Brain Food for Alzheimer-Free Ageing: Focus on Herbal Medicines............................................... 95 HelmutM.Hügel 6 TeaPolyphenolsinParkinson’sDisease..................... 117 MarioCaruanaandNevilleVassallo 7 The Effect of ((cid:2))-Epigallo-catechin-(3)-gallate onAmyloidogenicProteinsSuggestsaCommonMechanism. . 139 KathrinAndrichandJanBieschke Index....................................................... 163 vii 1 Olive Oil Phenols as Promising Multi-targeting Agents Against Alzheimer’s Disease StefaniaRigacci Abstract Amyloid diseases are characterized by the deposition of typically aggregated proteins/peptides in tissues, associated with degeneration and progressive functional impairment. Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most studied neurodegenerative amyloid diseases and, in Western countries, a significant cause of dementia in the elderly. The so-called “Mediterraneandiet”hasbeenconsideredforlongasthehealthierdietary regimen, characterised by a great abundance in vegetables and fruits, extra virgin olive oil as the main source of fat, a moderate consumption of red wine and a reduced intake of proteins from red meat. Recent epidemiological studies support the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet not only against cardiovascular and cancer diseases (as previously demonstrated) but also against the cognitive decline associated with ageing, and several data are highlighting the role played by natural phenols, of which red wine and extra virgin olive oil are rich, in such context. In the meantime, studies conducted both in vivo and in vitro have started to reveal the great potential of the phenolic component of extra virgin olive oil (mainly oleuropein aglycone and oleocanthal) in counteractingamyloidaggregationandtoxicity,withaparticularemphasis on the pathways involved in the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease:amyloidprecursorproteinprocessing,amyloid-beta(A“)peptide and tau aggregation, autophagy impairment, neuroinflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the results of such research efforts, S.Rigacci((cid:2)) DepartmentofExperimentalandClinicalBiomedical Sciences“MarioSerio”,UniversityofFlorence,Viale Morgagni50,50134Florence,Italy e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 1 N.Vassallo(ed.),NaturalCompoundsasTherapeuticAgentsforAmyloidogenicDiseases, AdvancesinExperimentalMedicineandBiology863,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-18365-7_1 2 S.Rigacci showinghowtheactionofthesephenolsgoesfarbeyondtheirrenowned antioxidantactivityandrevealingtheirpotentialasmulti-targetingagents againstAlzheimer’sdisease. Keywords Alzheimer’s disease • Mediterranean diet • Polyphenols • Extra virgin oliveoil•Oleuropeinaglycone fish or cheese can be more-or-less abundant), 1.1 Introduction one ingredient should never be absent from the Mediterranean table: EVOO, probably the Age-associatedcognitivedecline,intherelatively most typical component of MD. EVOO consists benignformofmildcognitiveimpairment(MCI) of 98 % glycerides, mainly monounsaturated and in the more severe one of Alzheimer’s dis- fatty acids (MUFA). In any case, it is the ease(AD),hasbecomeaconsiderablesocialand remaining 2 %, including various so-called clinical problem during the last decades, partic- “minor compounds”, that deserves much of ularly in Western countries. With the important our attention in this context. These consist of exception of familial AD, which is associated ’-tocopherol and of several specific phenolic with one of several genetic mutations favouring compounds including phenolic acids (caffeic, theearlyonsetofthedisease,suchaconditionde- vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, o-coumaric, velopsoveraconsiderableperiodoftime,maybe protocatechuic, sinapic, p-hydroxybenzoic even decades. Moreover, in spite of the great and gallic), phenolic alcohols (tyrosol and efforts spent by researchers toidentify early and hydroxytyrosol),lignans(acetoxypinoresinoland accessible markers of this disease, AD is still pinoresinol), flavones (apigenin and luteolin) diagnosedverylate,whentheneurologicalsymp- and, last but not least, secoiridoids (oleuropein tomsappearandtheneuropathologyisalreadyin aglycone,oleochantalandtheirderivatives).The an advanced stage. For these reasons (life-long latterarethemostabundantandtypicalphenolic development–latediagnosis–neuronalloss)two components of EVOO; hence investigations importantbranchesoftheresearchinthisfieldare aimed at identifying the active principles earlydiagnosisandprevention. responsible for the specific healthy benefits With regards to prevention, a lot of attention of EVOO have been mainly focused on them has been placed on the role played by (Servilietal.2009). different lifestyles in favouring this disease. The concentration of these substances in oil Epidemiological evidence points to a lower is highly variable, depending on a number of incidence of MCI and AD in populations different factors: olive cultivar, ripening stage adhering to the Mediterranean diet (MD), a at harvesting, geographic origin of olives, olive dietary regimen that has already been strongly treesirrigation,operativeconditionsapplieddur- associatedwithareducedriskforcardiovascular ing crushing, malaxation and oil separation, oil diseases and cancer (Martinez-Gonzalez et al. storage modalities. The last two factors are par- 2011; Sofi et al. 2010; Benetou et al. 2008; ticularly relevant. In fact, the highest phenolic Lopez-Mirandaetal.2010).MDischaracterized content is present in oil immediately after its by extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), high intake coldmechanicalextractionfromolives(amanda- of plant-based foods, relevant consumption toryproceduretoobtainanEVOO)andprogres- of seafood, low-to moderate intake of dairy sively declines with oil ageing, particularly if it products, low intake of meat and a regular is exposed to air and light that promote phenols but moderate intake of red wine. In spite of oxidation and degradation. With some notable regional and cultural variations (for example, exceptions, total phenols in olive oil generally
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