Natural and artificial photosynthesis : solar power as an energy source

490 Pages·2013·31.79 MB·English

by  Reza Razeghifard

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
SOLAR POWER AS AN
ENERGY SOURCE
Editedby
Reza Razeghifard
Coverdesign:Wiley
Coverillustration:(cid:2)C MatthewTimmins
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Razeghifard,Reza,1964-editorofcompilation.
Naturalandartificialphotosynthesis:solarpowerasanenergysource/editor,RezaRazeghifard.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-16006-0(cloth)
1.Renewableenergysources. 2.Photosynthesis–Industrialapplications. I.Title.
TJ811.8.N372013
621.042–dc23
2013002851
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface xv
Contributors xix
Acronyms xxiii
1 PhysicsOverviewofSolarEnergy 1
DiegoCastano
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 TheSun 2
1.3 Light 3
1.4 Thermodynamics 6
1.5 Photovoltaics 9
1.6 Photosynthesis 11
References 12
2 OxygenicPhotosynthesis 13
DmitriyShevela,LarsOlofBjo¨rn,andGovindjee
2.1 Introduction 13
2.1.1 ImportanceofPhotosynthesis:WhyStudyPhotosynthesis? 13
2.1.2 OxygenicVersusAnoxygenicPhotosynthesis 14
2.1.3 WhatCanWeLearnfromNaturalPhotosynthesisto
AchieveArtificialPhotosynthesis? 14
2.1.4 AtomicLevelStructuresofPhotosyntheticSystems 15
2.1.5 ScopeoftheChapter 16
2.2 PathofEnergy:FromPhotonstoChargeSeparation 16
2.2.1 Overview:HarvestingSunlightforRedoxChemistry 16
2.2.2 LightabsorptionandLight-HarvestingAntennas 16
2.2.3 ExcitationEnergyTransfer:CoherentVersusIncoherentor
WavelikeVersusHopping 20
2.2.4 ConcludingRemarksandFuturePerspectivesforArtificial
Photosynthesis 22
v
vi CONTENTS
2.3 ElectronTransferPathways 22
2.3.1 OverviewofthePrimaryPhotochemistryandtheElectron
TransferChain 22
2.3.2 ComponentsAssociatedwithP680andP700andtheEntry
intotheElectronTransferChain 24
2.3.3 PhotosystemII:FunctionandElectronTransferPathway 26
2.3.4 PhotosystemI:FunctionandtheElectronTransfer
Pathways 28
2.3.5 IntersystemElectronTransfer 29
2.3.6 WaterasaSourceofElectronsforthePhotosynthetic
ElectronTransferChain 30
2.3.7 CantheRateLimitationofO ProductionbyPhotosystem
2
IIBeImprovedinFutureArtificialWater-Splitting
Systems? 30
2.4 Photophosphorylation 30
2.4.1 Overview 30
2.4.2 MechanismofATPSynthesis 31
2.4.3 ConcludingRemarks 33
2.5 CarbonDioxidetoOrganicCompounds 33
2.5.1 OverviewofCarbonDioxideAssimilationSystemsin
OxygenicOrganisms 33
2.5.2 C3PathwayVersusC4Pathway 33
2.5.3 C3versusC4PlantsDuringGlacial/InterglacialPeriods 35
2.5.4 ConcludingRemarks:CantheNaturalAssimilation
PathwaysBeImprovedtoHelpSolvetheEnergyCrisis? 36
2.6 EvolutionofOxygenicPhotosynthesis 37
2.6.1 Overview 37
2.6.2 TwoPhotosystemsforOxygenicPhotosynthesis 38
2.6.3 EvolutionaryAcclimationtoDecreasingCO Availability 40
2
2.7 SomeInterestingQuestionsaboutWholePlants 42
2.7.1 Overview 42
2.7.2 WhyAreThereGranainLandPlantsbutNotinAlgae? 43
2.7.3 WhyAreLeavesDarkerontheUpperSidethanonthe
LowerSide? 44
2.7.4 HowMuchDoDifferentLayersintheLeafContributeto
Photosynthesis? 45
2.7.5 HowDoesPhotosynthesisInteractwith
Climate-Atmosphere? 46
2.7.6 IsTherePhotosynthesisWithoutCO Assimilation
2
(N FixationinCyanobacteria,Light-DependentN −
2 3
AssimilationinLandPlants)? 47
2.7.7 HowCanAnimalsCarryOutPhotosynthesis? 47
CONTENTS vii
2.8 PerspectivesfortheFuture 48
2.9 Summary 48
Acknowledgments 49
References 49
3 ApparatusandMechanismofPhotosyntheticWaterSplittingas
Nature’sBlueprintforEfficientSolarEnergyExploitation 65
GernotRenger
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 OverallReactionPatternofPhotosynthesisandRespiration 67
3.3 BioenergeticLimitofSolarEnergyExploitation:WaterSplitting 68
3.4 Humankind’sDreamofUsingWaterandSolarRadiationas
“CleanFuel” 69
3.5 Nature’sBlueprintofLight-InducedWaterSplitting 71
3.6 TypesofApproachesinPerformingLight-DrivenH andO
2 2
FormationfromWater 71
3.6.1 UseofPhotosyntheticOrganisms 72
3.6.2 HybridSystems 72
3.6.3 SyntheticSystems 74
3.6.4 OxidativeWaterSplittingintoO and4H+ 75
2
3.6.5 SyntheticWOCs 76
3.6.6 Light-InducedWaterSplittinginPhotosystemII 77
3.7 Light-Induced“Stable”ChargeSeparation 78
3.8 EnergeticsofLight-InducedChargeSeparation 80
3.9 OxidativeWaterSplitting:TheKokCycle 82
3.10 Y OxidationbyP680+• 83
Z
3.11 StructureandFunctionoftheWOC 86
3.11.1 StructureoftheCatalyticMn–CaClusterandits
CoordinationSphere 87
3.11.2 ElectronicConfigurationandNuclearGeometryin
theS StatesoftheCatalyticSite 90
i
3.11.3 KineticsofOxidativeWaterSplittingintheWOC 92
3.11.4 Substrate/ProductPathways 93
3.11.5 MechanismofOxidativeWaterSplitting 95
3.12 ConcludingRemarks 102
Acknowledgments 102
References 103
4 ArtificialPhotosynthesis 121
RezaRazeghifard
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 OrganicPigmentAssembliesonElectrodes 122
viii CONTENTS
4.3 PhotosystemAssembliesonElectrodes 124
4.4 HydrogenProductionbyPhotosystemIHybridSystems 127
4.5 MimickingWaterOxidationwithManganeseComplexes 128
4.6 ProteinDesignforIntroducingManganeseChemistryinProteins 130
4.7 ProteinDesignandPhotoactiveProteinswithChlDerivatives 131
4.8 Conclusion 133
Acknowledgment 133
References 134
5 ArtificialPhotosynthesis:RutheniumComplexes 143
DimitriosG.Giarikos
5.1 Ruthenium(II) 143
5.2 LigandInfluenceonthePhotochemistryofRu(II) 145
5.3 ImportanceofPolypyridylLigandsandMetalIonforTuningof
MLCTTransitions 149
5.4 ElectronTransferofRu(II)Complexes 150
5.5 Light-HarvestingComplexesUsingRu(II)Complexes 151
5.6 Ru(II)ArtificialPhotosystemModelsforPhotosystemII 157
5.7 Ru(II)ArtificialPhotosystemModelsforHydrogenase 161
5.8 Conclusion 166
References 166
6 CO SequestrationandHydrogenProductionUsingCyanobacteria
2
andGreenAlgae 173
KanhaiyaKumarandDebabrataDas
6.1 Introduction 173
6.2 Microbiology 174
6.3 BiochemistryofCO Fixation 176
2
6.3.1 CO AssimilationandConcentratingMechanismsinAlgae 176
2
6.3.2 Carbon-ConcentratingMechanisms(CCMs) 178
6.4 ParametersAffectingtheCO SequestrationProcess 180
2
6.4.1 SelectionofAlgalSpecies 180
6.4.2 EffectofFlueGasComponent 181
6.4.3 EffectofPhysiochemicalParameters 182
6.4.4 IssuesofProductInhibition 182
6.5 HydrogenProductionbyCyanobacteria 183
6.5.1 MechanismofHydrogenProduction 183
6.5.2 ModeofHydrogenProduction 191
6.5.3 HydrogenaseVersusNitrogenase-BasedHydrogen
Production 192
6.5.4 FactorsAffectingHydrogenProductioninCyanobacteria 192
6.5.5 RecentAdvancesintheFieldofHydrogenProduction
UsingCyanobacteria 193