NATO's Southern Allies (Routledge Soas Contemporary Politics and Culture in the Midd)

412 Pages·1988·1.37 MB·English

by  Chipman

NATO’s SOUTHERN ALLIES:
Internal and External Challenges
An Atlantic Institute for International Affairs
Research Volume

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Edited by
JOHN CHIPMAN
An Atlantic Institute for International Affairs
Research Volume

ROUTLEDGE
London and New York
First published in 1988 by
Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.
Published in the USA by
Routledge
in association with Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Inc.
29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001
© 1988 Atlantic Institute for International Affairs
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or
by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
NATO’s southern allies: internal and external
challenges.—(An Atlantic Institute for
International Affairs research volume).
1. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
2. Security, International 3. Europe,
Southern—Strategic aspects
I. Chipman, John II. Series
355'.031'091821 UA646.3
ISBN 0-415-00485-3
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

ISBN 0-203-16850-X Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-26369-3 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-00485-3 (Print Edition)
Contents

Preface vi
Glossary viii
List of Tables xii
Introduction
John Chipman 1
1. NATO and the Security Problems of the Southern
Region: From the Azores to Ardahan
John Chipman 8
2. Allies in the Mediterranean: Legacy of Fragmentation
John Chipman 53
3. Portuguese Defence Policy: Internal Politics and
Defence Commitments
Alvaro Vasconcelos 86
4. Spain and NATO: Internal Debate and External
Challenges
Angel Viñas 140
5. Italy: A New Role in the Mediterranean?
Maurizio Cremasco 195
6. Greece and NATO: Continuity and Change
Thanos Veremis 236
7. Turkey and the Southern Flank: Domestic and
External Contexts
Ali Karaosmanoglu 287
8. NATO’s Southern Region: National versus Alliance
Priorities
John Chipman 354
The Authors 382
Index 385
v
Preface
This is a study of the domestic sources of defence and foreign
policy in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey. With the
exception of Italy, these countries have had recent experiences of
authoritarian rule and significant internal turmoil that have
affected both the perceptions of external threat and the manner
in which policy is formed within the Atlantic Alliance. Each of
the national studies was commissioned from a citizen of the
country concerned. Meeting in Paris in early 1985, the authors
decided that each should address four points: first, the historical
constants which have affected the formation of security policy;
second, the domestic tensions that determine the nature and
form of defence and foreign policy; third, the relationship
between the domestic and international environment with a
view to examining the interplay between the two; and, fourth,
the future changes in security policy which may be expected and
how these may be influenced by internal developments. Each of
the authors has, in his own fashion, followed this agenda thus
assuring both consistency between the chapters and the
preservation of national perspectives. As this book was
conceived largely as a comparative examination of the other
countries in NATO’s Southern Periphery, the chapter on Italy is
intentionally narrower in scope and approach: it concentrates on
recent developments and analyses the Italian debate on the
question of whether Italy could or should come to play a larger
role in Mediterranean security. In addition, an attempt is made
to describe the general security situation for the Alliance in the
Mediterranean and to compare the national attitudes of these
countries towards Western security problems in the Southern
Region.
The chapter drafts were discussed at a conference in
Castelgandolfo, Italy in 1985. The Institute is grateful to the
U.S. Mission to NATO which contributed to the costs of this
meeting. The conference brought together government officials,
diplomats, academics and journalists from the countries under
study as well as from other Alliance nations. The drafts were
revised on the basis of the discussions and later rewritten after
an authors’ workshop in 1986.
vi
PREFACE
John Chipman would like to thank Dr. Gregory Flynn for
helping him organize both the study as a whole and his own
chapters. Numerous NATO officials and leading personalities of
the countries examined in this book gave him their impressions
of the situation in southern Europe during interviews held in
1985 and 1986. Mr. Diego Ruiz Palmer of the BDM
Corporation helped to correct a number of errors in successive
drafts of chapters 1 and 2. Andréa Hecht and Ann Proctor, of
the Atlantic Institute, did some editing and the in-house typing
of materials. Thelma Black reviewed the manuscript and made
final corrections. Although the editor received considerable
support in the preparation of this book, none of the individuals
who kindly assisted can be made responsible for its contents.
The Atlantic Institute for International Affairs is particularly
grateful to the Rockefeller Foundation for the grant that made
this book possible.
Andrew J.Pierre

vii
Glossary

ACE Allied Command Europe
AD Democratic Alliance Party (Aliança
Democrática) (Portugal)
AFSOUTH Allied Forces Southern Europe
AIRSOUTH Air Forces Southern Europe
AMF Allied Mobile Force
AMAG American Mission to Aid Greece
ANAP Motherland Party (Anatavan Partisi) (Turkey)
ANZUS Security Treaty between Australia, New
Zealand and United States
AP Popular Alliance (Alianza Popular) (Spain)
ASALA Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of
Armenia
ASW Anti-Submarine Warfare
ATAF Allied Tactical Air Force
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
C3 Command, Control and Communication
CDS Democratic and Social Centre Party (Partido
do Centre Democrático Social) (Portugal)
CDS Democratic and Social Centre (Centro
Democrático y Social) (Spain)
CECMED Commandement en Chef pour la
Méditerrannée
CENTCOM Central Command
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
CINCIBERLANT Commander-in-Chief Iberian Atlantic Area
CINSOUTH Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern
Europe
CNAD Conference of National Armaments Directors
COB Colocated Operating Bases
COMAIRSOUTH Commander Air Forces Southern Europe
(Naples)
COMLANDSOUTH Commander Land Forces Southern Europe
(Verona)
COMLANDSOUTH- Commander Land Forces South-Central
CENT Europe (Larissa)
COMLANDSOUTH Commander Land Forces South-Eastern
EAST Europe (Izmir)
COMNAVSOUTH Commander Allied Naval Forces Southern
Europe (Naples)
COMSTRIKEFOR Commander Naval Striking and Support
SOUTH Forces Southern Europe (Naples)
CP Popular Coalition (Coalición Popular) (Spain)
CPX Command Post Exercise
CVBG Carrier Battle Group
viii
GLOSSARY
DC Christian Democratic Party (Partito della
Democrazia Cristiana) (Italy)
DCS Defence Communications Systems
DECA Defense and Economic Cooperation
Agreement
DICA Defense and Industrial Cooperation
Agreement
DISK Confederation of Revolutionary Workers
(Turkey)
DLP Democratic Left Party (Turkey)
DPQ Defence Planning Questionnaire
DYP True Path Party (Dogru Yol Partisi) (Turkey)
EDA United Democratic Left (Eniaia Demokratike
Aristerá) (Greece)
EDSA European Distribution System Aircraft
EC European Community
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EFA European Fighter Aircraft
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EK Centre Union Party (Enosi Kentrou) (Greece)
EPC European Political Cooperation
ERE National Radical Union (Ethniki Rizopastiki
Enosis) (Greece)
EUREKA European Research Coordination Agency
FAR Force d’Action Rapide
FIR Flight Information Region
FIR Forza di Intervento Rapido (Italy)
FLA Liberation Front of the Azores
FMS Foreign Military Sales
FNLA National Liberation Front of Angola
FOPI Forza di Pronto Intervento
FRELIMO Mozambican Liberation Movement
FTX Field Training Exercise
IBERLANT Subordinate Command of SACLANT
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
IEPG Independent European Programme Group
INF Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces
IRBM Intermediate-range Ballistic Missile
JEMAD Chief of the General Staff
JSP Joint Strategic Plan
JUSMAPG Joint United States Military Advisory and
Planning Group
KKE Communist Party (Kommunistiko Komma
Ellados) (Greece)
LANDSOUTH Land Forces Southern Europe (Verona)
LANDSOUTHCENT Land Forces South-Central (Larissa)
LANDSOUTHEAST Land Forces South-Eastern Europe (Izmir)
LORAN Long-range Aids to Navigation
MAC Military Airlift Command
ix