NATO enlargement during the Cold War: strategy and system in the Western alliance

218 Pages·2000·0.9 MB·English

by  Mark Smith

NATO Enlargement
during the Cold War
Strategy and System in the
Western Alliance
Mark Smith
smith/92710/crc 18/7/00 11:53 am Page 1
NATO Enlargement during the Cold War
smith/92710/crc 18/7/00 11:53 am Page 2
Cold War History Series
General Editor: Saki Dockrill, Senior Lecturer in War Studies, King’s College,
London
The new Cold War History Series aims to make available to scholars and students
the results of advanced research on the origins and the development of the Cold
War and its impact on nations, alliances and regions at various levels of
statecraft, and in areas such as diplomacy, security, economy, military and
society. Volumes in the series range from detailed and original specialised
studies, proceedings of conferences, to broader and more comprehensive
accounts. Each work deals with individual themes and periods of the Cold War
and each author or editor approaches the Cold War with a variety of narrative,
analysis, explanation, interpretation and reassessments of recent scholarship.
These studies are designed to encourage investigation and debate on important
themes and events in the Cold War, as seen from both East and West, in an effort
to deepen our understanding of this phenomenon and place it in its context in
world history.
Titles include:
Günter Bischof
AUSTRIA IN THE FIRST COLD WAR, 1945–55
The Leverage of the Weak
Martin H. Folly
CHURCHILL, WHITEHALL AND THE SOVIET UNION, 1940–45
Saul Kelly
COLD WAR IN THE DESERT
Britain, the United States and the Italian Colonies, 1945–52
Donette Murray
KENNEDY, MACMILLAN AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Kevin Ruane
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE EUROPEAN DEFENCE COMMUNITY
Anglo-American Relations and the Crisis of European Defence, 1950–55
Cold War History
Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–79482–6
(outside North America only)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.
Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with
your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
smith/92710/crc 18/7/00 11:53 am Page 3
NATO Enlargement
during the Cold War
Strategy and System in the
Western Alliance
Mark Smith
smith/92710/crc 18/7/00 11:53 am Page 4
© Mark Smith 2000
All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court
Road,London W1P 0LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified
as the author of this work in accordance with the
Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2000 by
PALGRAVE
Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 6XS and
175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010
Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVEis the new global academic imprint of
St.Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and
Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd).
Outside North America
ISBN 0–333–91818–5 hardback
In North America
ISBN 0–312–23606–9 hardback
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and
made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith,Mark,1965 July 1–
NATO enlargement during the Cold War :strategy and system in the
Western alliance / Mark Smith.
p.cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–312–23606–9
1.North Atlantic Treaty Organization.2.Europe—Foreign relations–
–United States.3.United States—Foreign relations—Europe.4.
Security,International.5.World Politics,1945– I.Title.
D1065.E85 S65 2000
355'.031091821—dc21
00-033352
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd,Chippenham,Wiltshire
ATOPR 6/24/00 11:37 AM Page v
For my parents, with love and gratitude
This page intentionally left blank
ATOPR 6/24/00 11:38 AM Page vii
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of Abbreviations x
Introduction 1
The external context 3
The intra-Alliance debate 4
The taxonomy of membership 6
1 The North Atlantic Treaty in Context 11
Continuity and change in European security 12
‘The curse of bipolarity’ and the idea of a Soviet threat 14
The origins of the North Atlantic Treaty 18
2 The Membership Question and Neo-Enlargement,
1948–9 23
Negotiating the Treaty 24
The membership issue 26
Italy 28
Scandinavia 39
Portugal 47
Conclusions 50
3 The Accession of Greece and Turkey, 1947–52 62
Greece, Turkey and the West, 1947–51 63
The rise of confrontation culture 69
NATO strategy and adding the ‘O’ 72
The accession decision 74
Conclusions 87
4 The Federal Republic of Germany and NATO, 1949–55 96
The ‘German Question’ from top down to bottom up 97
The creation of the West German state 99
The forward strategy and rearmament 102
The fall and rise of the NATO option 107
The NATO option 111
Conclusions 120
vii
ATOPR 6/24/00 11:38 AM Page viii
viii Contents
5 Spain Joins the Alliance, 1982–6 127
Spain, the US and NATO: the quasi-Alliance 128
Crisis and continuity in NATO 136
NATO and Spanish accession, 1976–86 139
The Spanish decision to join NATO 145
Conclusions 156
Conclusions 162
External factors 162
The intra-Alliance debate 167
The taxonomy of membership 171
NATO in the Cold War and beyond 173
Notes 178
Select Bibliography 198
Index 204
ATOPR 6/24/00 11:39 AM Page ix
Acknowledgements
This book began life as my PhD thesis, and like all doctoral students I’m
in great debt to a number of people. My greatest debt is to my super-
visor Professor John Baylis and also, over the final lap, to Dr Colin
McInnes. Both have guided me through what is inevitably a testing and
sometimes trying experience with constant intellectual and personal
support. I’d also like to thank Dr Tim Dunne and Dr Nicholas Wheeler,
who read some of my work when it was a very different thesis from the
one I submitted, and gave invaluable advice whilst I worked out what
I thought an international system was. Several friends also took time
out from their own work to read through some of mine, or simply lis-
tened to and commented on my ideas. For this, I want to thank Mike
Andersen, Alan Collins, David Doyle, James Jackson, Paul Roe, Tom
Schoettli and Maja Zehfuss. All the above people pointed out my good
ideas, and tactfully informed me about the lousy ones; as is customary
at this point, I ought to point out that they aren’t to blame if some of
the latter survive in this book. Finally, Saki Dockrill accepted the manu-
script as part of the Cold War History series, and gave much helpful
advice about turning a thesis into a book.
My research was funded by the Department of International Politics,
University of Wales, Aberystwyth. It would have been impossible to
accomplish without this, and I am very grateful for it. I was also fortu-
nate enough to be awarded research grants from the Harry S. Truman
Library, Independence, Missouri, and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library,
Abilene, Kansas. These funded a trip to the US archives, and thereby
provided an important dimension to my research that could not have
been obtained elsewhere. I’m also grateful to all the people I met in
Independence and Abilene, who went out of their way to make a slightly
disoriented research student feel enormously welcome.
On a more personal note, I have sizeable debts to my friends in
Aberystwyth and elsewhere. Some are name-checked above, but many
others are not. In particular, Shaun and Alison, Ben, Marie, Palena,
Antone, Simon, office-mates Paul and Dave, and my friends from 2A
deserve special mention. Finally, my greatest personal debt is to my
family: to my parents, and Nick and Jo. None of what follows would
have come to fruition without their love and support.
MARK SMITH
ix