NATO Enlargement during the Cold War: Strategy and System in the Western Alliance

217 Pages·2000·1.05 MB·English

by  Mark Smith (auth.)

NATO Enlargement during the Cold War
Cold War History Series
General Editor: Saki Dockrill, Senior Lecturer in War Studies, King’s College,
London
The new Cold War History Series aims to make available to scholars and students
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and each author or editor approaches the Cold War with a variety of narrative,
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These studies are designed to encourage investigation and debate on important
themes and events in the Cold War, as seen from both East and West, in an effort
to deepen our understanding of this phenomenon and place it in its context in
world history.
Titles include:
Günter Bischof
AUSTRIA IN THE FIRST COLD WAR, 1945–55
The Leverage of the Weak
Martin H. Folly
CHURCHILL, WHITEHALL AND THE SOVIET UNION, 1940–45
Saul Kelly
COLD WAR IN THE DESERT
Britain, the United States and the Italian Colonies, 1945–52
Donette Murray
KENNEDY, MACMILLAN AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Kevin Ruane
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE EUROPEAN DEFENCE COMMUNITY
Anglo-American Relations and the Crisis of European Defence, 1950–55
Cold War History
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NATO Enlargement
during the Cold War
Strategy and System in the
Western Alliance
Mark Smith
© Mark Smith 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-91818-0
All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
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Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2000 by
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Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVEis the new global academic imprint of
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Outside North America
ISBN 978-1-349-42354-5 ISBN 978-0-333-98535-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780333985359
In North America
ISBN 978-0-312-23606-9 hardback
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and
made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith,Mark,1965 July 1–
NATO enlargement during the Cold War :strategy and system in the
Western alliance / Mark Smith.
p.cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-23606-9
1.North Atlantic Treaty Organization.2.Europe—Foreign relations–
–United States.3.United States—Foreign relations—Europe.4.
Security,International.5.World Politics,1945– I.Title.
D1065.E85 S65 2000
355'.031091821—dc21
00-033352
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
For my parents, with love and gratitude
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Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of Abbreviations x
Introduction 1
The external context 3
The intra-Alliance debate 4
The taxonomy of membership 6
1 The North Atlantic Treaty in Context 11
Continuity and change in European security 12
‘The curse of bipolarity’ and the idea of a Soviet threat 14
The origins of the North Atlantic Treaty 18
2 The Membership Question and Neo-Enlargement,
1948–9 23
Negotiating the Treaty 24
The membership issue 26
Italy 28
Scandinavia 39
Portugal 47
Conclusions 50
3 The Accession of Greece and Turkey, 1947–52 62
Greece, Turkey and the West, 1947–51 63
The rise of confrontation culture 69
NATO strategy and adding the ‘O’ 72
The accession decision 74
Conclusions 87
4 The Federal Republic of Germany and NATO, 1949–55 96
The ‘German Question’ from top down to bottom up 97
The creation of the West German state 99
The forward strategy and rearmament 102
The fall and rise of the NATO option 107
The NATO option 111
Conclusions 120
vii
viii Contents
5 Spain Joins the Alliance, 1982–6 127
Spain, the US and NATO: the quasi-Alliance 128
Crisis and continuity in NATO 136
NATO and Spanish accession, 1976–86 139
The Spanish decision to join NATO 145
Conclusions 156
Conclusions 162
External factors 162
The intra-Alliance debate 167
The taxonomy of membership 171
NATO in the Cold War and beyond 173
Notes 178
Select Bibliography 198
Index 204
Acknowledgements
This book began life as my PhD thesis, and like all doctoral students I’m
in great debt to a number of people. My greatest debt is to my super-
visor Professor John Baylis and also, over the final lap, to Dr Colin
McInnes. Both have guided me through what is inevitably a testing and
sometimes trying experience with constant intellectual and personal
support. I’d also like to thank Dr Tim Dunne and Dr Nicholas Wheeler,
who read some of my work when it was a very different thesis from the
one I submitted, and gave invaluable advice whilst I worked out what
I thought an international system was. Several friends also took time
out from their own work to read through some of mine, or simply lis-
tened to and commented on my ideas. For this, I want to thank Mike
Andersen, Alan Collins, David Doyle, James Jackson, Paul Roe, Tom
Schoettli and Maja Zehfuss. All the above people pointed out my good
ideas, and tactfully informed me about the lousy ones; as is customary
at this point, I ought to point out that they aren’t to blame if some of
the latter survive in this book. Finally, Saki Dockrill accepted the manu-
script as part of the Cold War History series, and gave much helpful
advice about turning a thesis into a book.
My research was funded by the Department of International Politics,
University of Wales, Aberystwyth. It would have been impossible to
accomplish without this, and I am very grateful for it. I was also fortu-
nate enough to be awarded research grants from the Harry S. Truman
Library, Independence, Missouri, and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library,
Abilene, Kansas. These funded a trip to the US archives, and thereby
provided an important dimension to my research that could not have
been obtained elsewhere. I’m also grateful to all the people I met in
Independence and Abilene, who went out of their way to make a slightly
disoriented research student feel enormously welcome.
On a more personal note, I have sizeable debts to my friends in
Aberystwyth and elsewhere. Some are name-checked above, but many
others are not. In particular, Shaun and Alison, Ben, Marie, Palena,
Antone, Simon, office-mates Paul and Dave, and my friends from 2A
deserve special mention. Finally, my greatest personal debt is to my
family: to my parents, and Nick and Jo. None of what follows would
have come to fruition without their love and support.
MARK SMITH
ix