Native American Culture (The Native American Sourcebook) PDF
Preview Native American Culture (The Native American Sourcebook)
Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Kathleen Kuiper: Manager, Arts and Culture Rosen Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Matthew Cauli: Designer, Cover Design Introduction by David Nagle Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Native American culture / edited by Kathleen Kuiper. — 1st ed. p. cm. -- (The Native American sourcebook) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61530-266-6 (eBook) 1. Indians of North America—Social life and customs. 2. Indians of North America—Social conditions. 3. Indians of North America—History. I. Kuiper, Kathleen. E98.S7N38 2011 970.004'97—dc22 2010010369 On the cover: Dancer in traditional regalia at a Virginia powwow in 2005. Stan Honda/ AFP/Getty Images Pages 17, 21, 45, 74, 98, 137, 175, 202, 223: Rich Reid/National Geographic Image Collection/ Getty Images 43 CONTENTS Introduction 10 Chapter 1: Overview 17 North American Indian Heritage 17 Acculturation and Assimilation 18 Native American Culture Areas 20 Chapter 2: The American Arctic and Subarctic Cultures 21 Peoples of the American Arctic 22 Linguistic Composition 22 Ethnic Groups 23 Traditional Culture 24 50 Igloo 29 Historical Developments 29 Contemporary Developments 34 American Subarctic Peoples 35 Ethos 36 Territorial Organization 36 Settlement and Housing 37 Production and Technology 37 Property and Social Stratification 38 Family and Kinship Relations 39 Socialization of Children 40 Religious Beliefs 41 Cultural Continuity and Change 42 Chapter 3: Northwest Coast and California Culture Areas 45 Northwest Coast Indian Peoples 46 Linguistic and Territorial Organization 46 53 Stratification and Social Structure 47 Subsistence, Settlement Patterns, and Housing 49 Technology and the Visual Arts 52 Totem Pole 54 Kinship and Family Life 56 Religion and the Performing Arts 57 Raven Cycle 58 Cultural Continuity and Change 59 67 California Indian Peoples 63 Regional and Territorial Organization 63 Settlement Patterns 64 Production and Technology 64 Property and Exchange Systems 65 Leadership and Social Status 66 Religion 68 Marriage and Child Rearing 69 Arts 70 Cultural Continuity and Change 70 Chapter 4: Plateau and Great Basin Culture Areas 74 72 Plateau Native Peoples 75 Language 75 Trade and Interaction 75 Settlement Patterns and Housing 77 Subsistence and Material Culture 79 Political Organization 81 Head Flattening 82 Kinship 83 Childhood and Socialization 84 Belief Systems 85 Cultural Continuity and Change 85 Peoples of the Great Basin 88 Language 89 Technology and Economy 89 Social Organization 92 Kinship and Marriage 92 Religion and Ritual 93 Modern Developments 95 78 Ghost Dance 96 Chapter 5: Southwest and Plains Culture Areas 98 Southwest Indian Peoples 98 Language 99 Subsistence, Settlement Patterns, and Social Organization 100 Socialization and Education 107 128 Belief and Aesthetic Systems 109 Blessingway 111 Cultural Continuity and Change 111 Plains Indian Peoples 115 Linguistic Organization 115 The Role of the Horse in Plains Life 116 Settlement Patterns and Housing 118 Tepee 120 Material Culture and Trade 121 Political Organization 123 Kinship and Family 124 Socialization and Education 125 Social Rank and Warfare 127 144 Belief Systems 129 Cultural Continuity and Change 131 Chapter 6: Northeast and Southeast Culture Areas 137 Northeast Indian Peoples 138 Territorial and Political Organization 138 Subsistence, Settlement Patterns, and Housing 141 Production and Technology 143 Social Organization 146 Kinship and Family Life 148 Powwow 150 Religion 151 Cultural Continuity and Change 152 Southeast Indian Peoples 155 Traditional Culture Patterns 155 Cultural Continuity and Change 167 150 Chapter 7: Native American Art 175 The Role of the Artist 175 Origins of Designs 176 Vision Quest 177 The Function of Art 177 Materials 179 Regional Styles of American Indian Visual Arts 180 195 Southwest 182 Navajo Weaving 183 Midwest and Great Plains 186 Sand Painting 187 Far West, Northeast, Central South, and Southeast 189 Effigy Mounds 190 Eskimo (Inuit) 192 Quill Art 194 Northwest Coast 194 Arts of contemporary Native Americans 198 Chapter 8: Native American 197 Music 202 Music in Native American Culture 202 Musical Events 204 Ritual Clowns 205 Music and Language 205 Aspects of Style 206 Regional Styles 207 Northeast and Southeast Indians 207 Plains 208 Great Basin 208 Southwest 209 Northwest Coast 210 Arctic 210 Musical Instruments 211 Idiophones 211 Musical Bow 214 Membranophones 214 Aerophones 216 Chordophones 217 212 Music History of the Native Americans 217 Colonial Mixtures 218 Indigenous Trends from 1800 218 Participation in Art Music 221 The Study of American Indian Musics 221 Chapter 9: Native American Dance 223 Extent of Dance Forms 223 Patterns of Participation 224 229 Socially Determined Roles in Dance 224 Religious Expression in Dance 225 Patterns and Body Movement 227 Foreign Influences and Regional Dance Styles 228 Eskimo (Inuit) 228 Northeast and Southeast Indians 229 The Great Plains 231 The Northwest Coast 232 Sun Dance 233 The Great Basin, the Plateau, and California 234 The Southwest 234 232 Study and Evaluation 236 Conclusion 236 Glossary 238 Bibliography 240 Index 246
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