Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland

275 Pages·1996·16.29 MB·English

by  Michael Keating

NATIONS AGAINST THE STATE

Nations against
the State
The New Politics of Nationalism in
Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland
Michael Keating
Professor of Political Science
University of Western Ontario
First published in Great Britain 1996 by
fifi MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
ISBN 0-333-63174-9
First published in the United States of America 1996 by
& ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue,
New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 0-312-15817-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Keating, Michael, 1950-
Nations against the state : the new politics of nationalism in
Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland / Michael Keating.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-312-15817-3 (cloth)
1. Nationalism—Case studies. 2. Nationalism—Quebec (Province)
3. Nationalism—Spain—Catalonia. 4. Nationalism—Scotland.
I. Title.
JC311.K36 1996
320.5,4'09—dc20
95-49483
CIP
© Michael Keating 1996
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London W1P9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
10 9 8 7 6 54 3 21
05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
Contents
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Preface and Acknowledgements xi
1 Nations, Nationalism and the State l
THE MEANING OF NATIONALISM 1
ETHNIC AND CIVIC NATIONALISM 3
NATIONAL CULTURE 8
THE USES OF NATIONALISM 10
NATIONALISM AND THE STATE 15
MINORITY NATIONALISM AND SEPARATISM 18
2 Challenges to the State 23
THE NATION-STATE 23
THE NATION-STATE AND LIBERAL DEMOCRACY 25
CULTURE AND POLITICS 28
THE STATE AND THE ECONOMY 30
THE MANAGEMENT OF SPACE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL
CHALLENGE 33
THE WELFARE STATE 34
THE STATE AND SECURITY 36
INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE 37
THE NATION, THE STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY 39
3 The New Territorial politics 43
THE DECLINE OF TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT 43
VI Contents
THE REINVENTION OF TERRITORY 47
THE NEW MINORITY NATIONALISMS 52
TERRITORIAL AUTONOMY 54
THE ECONOMIC DIMENSION 55
THE SOCIAL DIMENSION 58
THE CULTURAL DIMENSION 59
THE POLITICAL DIMENSION 62
POLITICAL DYNAMICS 63
4 Quebec 65
NATIONAL IDENTITY IN QUEBEC 65
TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT 69
NATIONALIST DOCTRINE 71
THE SUPPORT BASE OF NATIONALISM 80
BUILDING THE NATION: LANGUAGE POLICY 85
THE ECONOMY 91
CIVIL SOCIETY 97
EXTERNAL AFFAIRS 103
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 106
5 Catalonia 115
THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM IN CATALONIA 115
NATIONALIST DOCTRINE AND DISCOURSE 123
THE SUPPORT BASE OF NATIONALISM 129
BUILDING THE NATION. LANGUAGE AND CULTURE 134
CIVIL SOCIETY 145
THE ECONOMY 151
CATALONIA AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 156
PROSPECTS FOR CATALONIA 160
6 Scotland 163
SCOTLAND AND THE UNION 163
THE GROWTH OF SCOTTISH NATIONALISM 170
NATIONALIST DOCTRINE AND DISCOURSE 181
THE SUPPORT BASE OF NATIONALISM 185
CULTURE, NATION AND NATIONALISM 188
CIVIL SOCIETY 193
THE ECONOMY 201
SCOTLAND AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 205
Contents vii
CONSTITUTIONAL FUTURES 209
7 Conclusion 217
Methodological Appendix 229
Opinion Polls 229
Ownership in the Economy 230
Trade Statistics 230
Bibliography 231
Index 249
List of Tables
4.1 Attitudes to NAFTA, 1992 84
5.1 Percentage vote, Catalan autonomous elections, 1980-92 122
5.2 Opinion on constitutional options, Catalonia, 1992 132
5.3 Linguistic ability in Catalan, % Catalonia 1993 140
5.4 Principal language used in Catalonia, % 1993 140
5.5 Preference of language to be used in compulsory education...l42
6.1 National identity by voting intention, 1991 175
List of Figures
1.1 Ideal Types of nationalism 22
4.1 Support for sovereignty options, Quebec, 1977-95 82
4.2 Ownership as percentage of employees, firms in Quebec 93
5.1 National identity in Catalonia, 1979-88 130
5.2 National identity and origins, Catalonia, 1988 131
5.3 National identity by party, Catalonia, 1988 132
5.4 Knowledge of Catalan, 1981-91 139
6.1 Percentage share of vote, Scotland 1955-92 171
6.2 National identity by place of birth, Scotland 1993 174
6.3 Support for constitutional options, Scotland, 1974-95 186
6.4 Constitutional preferences by pary, 1992 187
6.5 Ownership in Scottish manufacturing industry, 1968-89 203