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267 Pages·2019·2.975 MB·English
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Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus Stratis Andreas Efthymiou Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus Stratis Andreas Efthymiou University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Germany ISBN 978-3-030-14701-3 ISBN 978-3-030-14702-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14702-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019936152 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover image: ©_creativedot_/Getty Images Cover design by © Akihiro Nakayama This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland For walking in my path Acknowledgements Professors Luke Martell, Gerard Delanty, Barbara Einhorn, Gillian Bendelow have all in their own ways supported the process for develop- ing this work. I am grateful to Carol Penn and Mary Rudling who have provided with kindness and humility concrete scaffolding in the journey coming to this book. I am thankful for the help I have received in this book project. Dr. Tamsin Hinton-Smith provided concrete support for this project. Professor Floya Anthias encouraged me turning this research into the book. Dr. Ben Fincham played a key role in helping me develop this analysis. Dr. Christalla Yakinthou provided valuable feedback on the radical far right and on militarism analysis. A special one has integrally contributed to writing this book. Helen Fream with perseverance supported the development of the text. vii Contents 1 Introduction: Becoming a Man in a Post-conflict Society 1 Men’s Guns: Men’s Nation? 5 Researching the Barracks and the Barricades 8 Sensitive Issues in Fieldwork in a Post-conflict Society 11 The Co-constitution of Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity 13 Outline of the Chapters 15 References 19 2 Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity After the Construction of the Border 23 The Creation of the Border 24 Nationalism and the Border 28 Militarism and the Border 33 Masculinity and the National Struggle 41 References 49 ix x Contents 3 Nationalism After the Opening of the Border 55 ‘Struggle’ After the Opening of the Borders 58 National Memory, Crossings and ‘Occupation’ 80 Conclusion 90 References 91 4 Militarism After the Opening of the Border 97 Forgetting ‘Defence’ 98 Becoming ‘Euro-Cypriot’ and the Ideology of Defence 105 The EU and Defence Policy 109 Mourning the Undermined Defence 122 Changing Civil–Military Relations 130 Policy Implications for Militarism in Post-conflict Societies 137 Conclusion 143 References 145 5 Masculinity After the Opening of the Border 153 Post-conflict Masculinity 155 Towards a European Masculinity 157 ‘Euro-Cypriot’ Hegemonic Masculinity 159 Soldiers’ Individual Prosperity 164 Society and Soldiers with Individual Goals 169 Anxiety Over the Lost Fighting Spirit 176 Re-adaptation of Post-conflict Masculinity 182 Conclusion 187 References 188 6 Radical Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity After the Opening of the Border 191 Before the Opening of the Borders: The Radical Far-Right 193 After the Opening of the Borders: The Radical Far-Right 195 Nationalism: Demanding the Closure of the Border 197 Militarism: Repudiating the Declining ‘Defence’ 200 Masculinity: Leading the Road Back to Heroism 203 Contents xi Conclusion 206 Appendices 208 References 213 7 Cypriot Energy: Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity on the Maritime Boundaries 217 Nationalism, Militarism, Masculinity and Energy Resources 219 Nationalism and Energy Resources 221 Militarism and Energy Resources 225 Masculinity and Energy Resources 229 Conclusion 233 References 234 8 Conclusion: A Journey Through the Juncture of Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity 237 Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-conflict Societies 239 Weakening Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-conflict Societies 240 Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-conflict Cyprus 241 Weakening Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-conflict Cyprus 242 Re-adapting Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity 243 Post-conflict Masculinity 244 Radical Far-Right Iterations 246 Policy Implications 246 Avenues for Future Research 247 References 251 References 253 Index 255 Acronyms and Abbreviations CTPFC (Kıbrıs Türk Barış Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı) Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command DHSY (Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός) Democratic Rally of Cyprus EDEK (Κίνημα Σοσιαλδημοκρατών) The Movement for Social Democracy EDHK (Εθνικιστικό Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα) Nationalist Democratic Party EEZ E xclusive Economic Zone ELAM (Εθνικό Λαϊκό Μέτωπο) National Popular Front ELDYK (Ελληνική Δύναμη Κύπρου) Hellenic Force of Cyprus EOKA (Εθνική Οργάνωσις Κυπρίων Αγωνιστών) National Organization of Cypriot Fighters EU European Union FRONT (Μέτωπο) Front GC Greek Cypriot NEDHSY Y outh group of DHSY NG (Εθνική Φρουρά) National Guard RoC (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία) Republic of Cyprus ROE R epresentative of ELAM SADD (Ενιαίο Αμυντικό Δόγμα Ελλάδας-Κύπρου) Single Area defence Doctrine with Greece xiii

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