Nationalism and war PDF
Preview Nationalism and war
NATIONALISM AND WAR Nationalism and War JOHN HUTCHINSON 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/12/2016,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©JohnHutchinson2017 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2017 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016949250 ISBN 978–0–19–879845–3 PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc In Memory of Professor Anthony D. Smith (1939–2016) Preface and Acknowledgements This book has had a long gestation of over ten years, during which I have discovered (and continue to discover) fascinating studies in many different fields.Evennow,IbelieveifIhadtimetoreadanother200booksandarticles, Iwouldonlybescratchingatthesurfaceofthisenormoussubject. Variouspeoplecontributedwittinglyorunwittinglytothisbook.Professor Steven Grosby made useful suggestions. I would like to thank the four anonymous reviewers of my manuscript for helpful criticisms which have helped me improve the book. I am also indebted to Professor Joep Leerssen, whocommentedontwochapters.Thefaultsthatremainaremineentirely. I would like to acknowledge the participants at several venues to whom Ipresentedsomeofthismaterialinearlierforms.Theseincludedtheconfer- ence ‘Beyond the nation?’ at Queen’s University, Belfast; several meetings of theAustralasianAssociationofEuropeanHistorians;andtheUCSIASummer Workshop on Religion, Culture, and Society. I am grateful to Dr Sibylle Scheipers for her invitation to speak at the very stimulating conference ‘Post Heroic War’, organized as part of ‘The Changing Character of War’ pro- gramme at Oxford University and for her astute comments on a chapter Icontributedtothesubsequentbookcollection. Ihaveconsiderablyrevisedandextendedpartsofthisbookwhichhavebeen published before. I thank the publishers for permission to publish material fromthefollowing: ‘WarfareandtheSacralisationofNations:TheMeanings,RitualsandPolitics of National Remembrance’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 38(2)2009,pp.401–17. ‘NationalismandViolence’,inKeithBreenandShaneO'Neill(eds.),Afterthe Nation?CriticalReflectionsonNationalismandPostnationalism.Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan,2010,pp.120–38. ‘PublicRitualandRemembrance:BeyondtheNation-State?’,inSibylleScheipers (ed.), Heroism and the Changing Character of War: Toward Post-Heroic Warfare?Basingstoke:PalgraveMacmillan,2014,pp.349–66. I thank the Government department of London School of Economics for granting me two sabbaticals, which gave me time to think and read. I have learned much from the students who took my MSc course ‘Warfare and National Identity’, from the many doctoral students and academic visitors viii PrefaceandAcknowledgements whoattendedtheLSEPhDWorkshoponNationalismandEthnicity,andfrom conversations with my (now former) colleague, Professor John Breuilly. The annualconferencesorganizedbytheAssociationofEthnicityandNationalism (ASEN)attheLSEalsoprovidedconsiderableintellectualstimulus.Itisamatter ofdeeppersonalregretthatthegreattraditionofnationalismstudiesattheLSE, institutionalizedbyAnthonySmithandstretchingfromElieKedourie,Ernest Gellner, Kenneth Minogue, Anthony Smith, James Mayall, and Brendan O’LearytoJohnBreuilly,maybecomingtoanend. Finally, I would like to dedicate this book to the memory of my teacher Professor Anthony D. Smith, who died just as this book was going into production.AnthonySmithwasnotonlyatrulygreatscholarofnationalism butalsoadearfriendandinspirationtomeincountlessways.I,withhismany former students, feel a deep sense of loss at his passing. A man of profound learningandoriginalthought,hewrotewithgreatpenetrationonthesubject of nationalism and war, as he did onso many aspects of nationalism. To my regrethewasunabletoreadanypartofmymanuscriptbecauseofillness.In spiteofitsimperfections,Ihopethatthisbookisnotunworthyofhismemory. JohnHutchinson LondonSchoolofEconomics July2016 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/12/2016,SPi Contents Introduction 1 1. EuropeanWar-MakingandtheRiseofNationStates 12 Introduction 12 Tilly/MannandtheMilitaryRevolution 13 Warfare,NationalIdentity,andStateFormation 21 ModernistCounterclaims 27 Warfare,StateFragility,andRegenerativeNationalism 30 War,Citizenship,andtheEstablishmentofMassNational Solidarities 36 FirstWorldWar:DemocratizationandDictatorship 42 WarsasCriticalJunctures 45 WarandaWorldSystemofNationStates 46 Conclusion 49 2. Warfare,Memorialization,andtheFormationofNational Communities 50 Introduction 50 WarfareandtheSacredFoundationsofNations 52 MythsandMeanings 52 WarExperiencesandCollectiveSelf-Differentiation 57 WarMobilization,CollectiveRituals,andSymbols 59 Long-TermSocialandPoliticalMissions 63 TheNationasCommunityofSacrifice 65 CommemorationandNationalUnity 65 MythsvsRealitiesofPopularRevolts 68 Nationalism,InterstateWar,andCollectiveSacrifice 70 MythConstruction,Identity,andPolitics 72 OldandNewMyths 76 DenationalizingWars? 80 PacificandMartialNations 82 3. Warfare,ImperialCollapse,andtheMassCreation ofNationStates 86 Introduction 86 GeopoliticalPowervsNationalistIdeology 89 War,Nationalism,andtheImperialDissolution 92 FallofDynasticContinentalEmpires 92 TheDissolutionoftheEuropeanNation-StateOverseasEmpires 98
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