Nationalism and Classicism: The Classical Body as National Symbol in Nineteenth-Century England and France PDF
Preview Nationalism and Classicism: The Classical Body as National Symbol in Nineteenth-Century England and France
Nationalism and Classicism The Classical Body as National Symbol in Nineteenth-Century England and France Athena S. Leoussi Lecturer in Sociology University of Reading ffi NATIONALISM AND CLASSICISM Nationalism and Classicism The Classical Body as National Symbol in Nineteenth-Century England and France Athena S. Leoussi Lecturer in Sociology University of Reading ffi First published in Great Britain 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-40139-0 ISBN 978-0-230-37268-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230372689 First published in the United States of America 1998 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-17776-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Leoussi, Athena S., 1959- Nationalism and classicism : the classical body as national symbol in nineteenth-century England and France I Athena S. Leoussi. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-17776-8 (cloth) I. Neoclassicism (Art}-England. 2. Nationalism and art-England -History-19th century. 3. Neoclassicism (Art)-France. 4. Nationalism and art-France-History-19th century. 5. Mythology. Greek, in art. 6. Art. Greek-Influence. 7. Allegories. I. Title. N6767.5.N45L46 1998 709'.42'09034--dc21 97-18289 CIP -·-----···----·----·----------- © Athena S. Leoussi 1998 All rights reserved_ No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE- Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 For my parents, Elizabeth and Sotirios Leoussis, and in memoriam Doula Mouriki Contents List of Tables viii List of Graphs x List of Plates xi Foreword by Anthony D. Smith xiv Acknowledgements xvi Introduction xviii PART I Physical Anthropology and Ethnographic Art 1 1 Physical Anthropology and the Greek Ideal 3 2 Positivism and Realist Aesthetics 25 3 The Making of the Artist-Anthropologist 35 4 Hellenism and Ethnographic Art 56 PART II Physical Anthropology, Religion and Nationalism 85 5 The Greek Body and Christian Thought 87 6 The National Significance of Physical Anthropology 108 PART III The Classical Revival in English and French Art 131 7 Images of Greeks as Images of God 133 8 Images of Greece as Images of England 157 9 Images of Greece as Images of France 180 Conclusion 200 Notes 203 Bibliography 242 Index 253 vn List of Tables 4.1 List of sample years, 1833-80 64 4.2 Works of art exhibited in the Salon in absolute numbers, 1833-80 65 4.3 Works on foreign subjects in the Salon in numbers and percentages in selected years, 1833-80 65 4.4 National categories in the Salon and their scores in selected years, 1833-80 66 4.5 Works on European and non-European subjects in the Salon in selected years, in numbers and percentages, 1833-80 67 4.6 Annual rates of the major national categories in the Salon in selected years calculated in relation to all works on foreign subjects in each year, 1833-80 67 4.7 Works of art exhibited in the RA in absolute numbers, 1833-80 68 4.8 Comparative table of ethnographic art in the Salon and the RA in selected years, in numbers and percentages, 1833-80 68 4.9 National categories in the RA and their scores in selected years, 1833-80 70 4.10 Works on European and non-European subjects in the RA in selected years, in numbers and percentages, 1833-80 71 4.11 Comparative table of the major national categories and their rank in the Salon and the RA for the period 1833-80 72 4.12 Annual rates of the major national categories in the RA in selected years, 1833-80 73 4.13 Distribution of 'Greek' works among different categories of subject matter in the Salon in selected years, in absolute numbers, 1833-80 76 4.14 Rates of different Greek subjects in the Salon in selected years, 1833-80 77 4.15 Distribution of works among different Greek subjects in the RA in selected years, in absolute numbers, 1833-80 79 4.16 Rates of the different Greek subjects in the RA in selected years, calculated in relation to all works on Greek subjects exhibited each year, 1833-80 80 vm List of Tables IX 4.17 Comparative table of the rank of each of the different Greek subjects found in the RA and the Salon with its overall rate as a proportion of all works on Greek subjects exhibited in each venue between 1833 and 1880 (all calculations are based on the sampled years) 81 4.18 Comparative table of the rank of each of the different Greek subjects found in the RA and the Salon with its overall score for the period 1833-80 81 7.1 Comparative table of works on the most frequently appearing male personages from Greek mythology in the RA and the Salon, in numbers and percentages, 1833-80 149 7.2 Male mythological personages in the RA by decade, 1834-79 149 8.1 Works on ancient Greek political personages in the RA divided into historical and mythical personages, in absolute numbers, 1833-80 166 8.2 Works on ancient Greek political personages in the RA divided into male and female personages and presented in absolute numbers, 1833-80 168 9.1 Images of ancient Greek city-states in French art in absolute numbers, 1833-80 181 9.2 Comparative table of works on ancient Greek athletes by artist and medium in the RA and the Salon, in absolute numbers, 1833-80 186 9.3 Works on ancient Greek political personages in the Salon divided into historical and mythical personages, in absolute numbers, 1833-80 190 9.4 Works on ancient Greek historical political personages in French art in absolute numbers, 1833-80 198
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