Nationalising and Denationalising European Border Regions, 1800–2000: Views from Geography and History

298 Pages·1999·6.798 MB·English

by  Hans Knippenberg, Jan Markusse (auth.), Hans Knippenberg, Jan Markusse (eds.)

Nationalising and Denationalising European Border Regions,
1800-2000
The GeoJournal Library
Volume 53
Managing Editors: Herman van der Wusten, University of Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
Olga Gritsai, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia
Former Series Editor:
Wolf Tietze, Helmstedt, Germany
Editorial Board: Paul Claval, France
R.G. Crane, U.S.A.
Yehuda Gradus, Israel
Risto Laulajainen, Sweden
Gerd UHlig, Germany
Walther Manshard, Germany
Osamu Nishikawa, Japan
Peter Tyson, South Africa
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Nationalising and
Denationalising
European Border
Regions, 1800-2000
Views from Geography and History
editedby
HANS KNIPPENBERG and JAN MARKUSSE
Department of Geography and Planning,
University of Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-94-010-5860-5 ISBN 978-94-011-4293-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4293-9
Printed on acid-tree paper
Cover iIIustration:
from GeoJournal 44:3 (1998): New borders for new world orders:
territorialities at the fin-de-siecle by V. Kolossov and J. O'Loughlin.
AII Rights Reserved
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. in 1999
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1999
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................. VII
List of figures ............................................................................................................................................................... IX
List of tables ................................................................................................................................................................. XI
PART I INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
Hans Knippenberg & Jan Markusse
19th and 20th century borders and border regions in Europe:
some reflections ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
Chapter 2
Henk van Dijk
State borders in geography and history .................................................................................................... 21
PART II NATIONALISING BORDER REGIONS
Chapter 3
Hans Knippenberg
The incorporation of Limburg in the Dutch state ............................................................................. 39
Chapter 4
Charles Wetherell & Andrejs Plakans
Borders, ethnicity, and demographic patterns in the Russian
Baltic Provinces in the late nineteenth century .................................................................................... 61
Chapter 5
Riki Van Boeschoten
Politicised borders: the case of Greek Macedonia ............................................................................ 83
VI
Chapter 6
Christian Promitzer
'A bleeding wound', how border-drawing affects local communities:
a case study from the Austrian-Slovene border in Styria ........................................................ 107
PART III DENATIONALISING BORDER REGIONS
Chapter 7
Jan Markusse
Relaxation of tensions in the multi-ethnic border province of South Tyrol:
the importance of cross border relations .............................................................................................. 133
Chapter 8
Jan Mansvelt Beck
An anatomy of Basque identity: a geographical analysis of identity patterns
in the Franco-Spanish border area ............................................................................................................. 153
Chapter 9
Andrea Kampschulte
The Austro-Hungarian border region: opportunities for and perspectives
of regional development .................................................................................................................................... 173
Chapter 10
Walter Leimgruber
Border effects and the cultural landscape: the changing impact of
boundaries on regional development in Switzerland .................................................................... 199
Chapter 11
Christian Schulz
City-networking and bottom-up development by trans border co-operation:
the influence of local authorities in the Saar-Lor-Lux Region ............................................... 223
References ................................................................................................................................................................... 241
About the authors ................................................................................................................................................. 263
Index ............................................................................................................................................................................... 267
PREFACE
The chapters of this volume are based on papers presented at the second bien
nial European Social Science History Conference that was held in
Amsterdam, March 1998. On the initiative of the Geography network in the
organisational committee, the subject of European Border Regions was cho
sen as topic for a number of the conference's workshop sessions. In the last
phase of the 20th century there are interesting macro-political developments
in Western Europe and Eastern Europe with far-reaching consequences for
state borders and border regions. The impact of macro-political developments
on the local affairs in border regions is a fascinating issue with points of ref
erence over a longer time-span than contemporary developments. During the
19th and the 20th centuries, development and adaptation of the European
order of national states was a jerkily ongoing process, that has affected exist
ing border regions and even produced new ones. In a wider geographical and
historical perspective, the fate of European border regions is closely linked
with the processes of formation of national states and of macro-regional ten
dencies toward international co-operation. The multi-disciplinary European
Social Science History Conference gave a good opportunity to gather geogra
phers and historians who have studied border regions in different parts of
Europe and over different periods, in order to discuss and compare their case
studies within this wider geographical and historical perspective. We should
like to thank the participants for their contributions and are pleased that
almost all papers could be worked up into a chapter in this volume. We also
thank all others who have contributed to the realisation of this publication,
in particular Prof. Herman van der Wusten for his useful comments.
The editors
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 The political map of Europe in 1815 ......................................................................................... 2
1.2 The political map of Europe in 1910 ......................................................................................... 3
1.3 The political map of Europe in 1923 ......................................................................................... 4
1.4 The political map of Europe during the Cold War (1945-1989) ........................... 5
1.5 The political map of Europe in 1999 ........................................................................................ 6
1.6 Basic typology for the study of border regions ................................................................ 13
1.7 The European banana ........................................................................................................................ 17
3.1 The present provinces of Limburg in the Netherlands and Belgium ................ 40
3.2 'Limburg' at the end of the ancien regime (1785-1794) ........................................... 41
3.3 Proportion of the population born in Belgium per community
in 1859 and 1889 .................................................................................................................................. 51
3.4 Male and female illiteracy in the Dutch provinces, 1820-1890 ........................... 53
3.5 Decline of the German language in South-Limburg 1800-1935 .......................... 54
4.1 Russian Baltic provinces of Estland, Livland, and Courland,
circa 1850: political borders .......................................................................................................... 70
4.2 Russian Baltic provinces of Estland, Livland, and Courland,
circa 1850: linguistic borders ........................................................................................................ 71
4.3 Russian Baltic provinces of Estland, Livland, and Courland,
circa 1850: religious borders .......................................................... .. .. ............... 72
5.1 Macedonia .................................................................................................................................................. 84
5.2 The political map of Macedonia in 1910 ............................................................................ 86
5.3 The political map of Macedonia in 1914 ............................................................................ 87
6.1 The present Slovene areas in Austria ................................................................................... 1 08
6.2 The present Slovene areas in Austrian Styria ................................................................. 109
6.3 The new border intersects of former municipal districts ....................................... 115
7.1 South Tyrol ............................................................................................................................................. 134
7.2 The partition of the former Crown province of TyroL. ......................................... 135
8.1 Euskal Herria: the Greater Basque Country ................................................................... 154
8.2 Command of Euskera, 1991 ...................................................................................................... 157
x
8.3 Identity profiles Euskal Herria ................................................................................................. 160
8.4 Basque political cores and peripheries, Euskadi ......................................................... 165
8.5 Basque political and cultural cores and peripheries, Euskadi ............................. 166
9.1 The geographical location of the Austro-Hungarian border region .............. 174
9.2 The study area ...................................................................................................................................... 175
9.3 First border crossings ...................................................................................................................... 182
9.4 Frequency of border crossing and language command ........................................... 184
9.5 Frequency of border crossing and trans-border relationships ............................ 185
9.6 Frequency of border crossing and multi-purpose trips ............................................ 186
9.7 Frequency of border crossing and ownership of a private car ........................... 187
10.1 Centripetal politics and centrifugal economy ................................................................. 199
10.2 The border advantage model ..................................................................................................... 204
10.3 Transborder co-operation on the Swiss national boundary ................................. 206
10.4 Regional trans border co-operation in the Rhine Rift Valley ............................... 210
10.5 Border commuters into Ticino canton, 1980-1996 .................................................... 211
10.6 Goods purchased by Austrian costumers in Bavaria, 1995 ................................. 217
10.7 Foreign workers and border commuters on the Swiss labour market,
1960-1995 ............................................................................................................................................... 219
11.1 Different delimitations of the Saar-Lor-Lux-Region ................................................. 225
11.2 Proposal of the Institutes of Geography in Metz and Saarbriicken ............... 226
11.3 Comparison of European border regions .......................................................................... 227
11.4 Partners, levels of co-operation, and institutions ........................................................ 228
11.5 INTERREG IIA (1994-1999). Eligible zones and operational
programs in the Saar-Lor-Lux-Region ................................................................................. 230
11.6 Concepts of central places and city-networks ................................................................ 231
11. 7 Models of trans border city-networks ................................................................................... 232
11.8 Model of a city-network Saar-Lor-Lux ............................................................................... 233
11.9 The Agglomeration Transfrontaliere du Pole Europeen de
Developpement (PED) Longwy-Rodange-Athus .......................................................... 234
11.10 The Interkommunale Arbeitsgemeinschaft in the Saar-Roselle Area ............. 237
LIST OF TABLES
3.1 Total fertility rate in Limburg and the Netherlands 1859-1930 .......................... 50
3.2 Proportion of the Maastricht population born in Belgium,
1859-1889 .................................................................................................................................................. 50
3.3 Maastricht brides and bridegrooms according to geographical origin,
1830-1910 (in %) ................................................................................................................................. 52
3.4 Proportion of the seats of Limburg community boards belonging
to local and national political groups, 1946-1998 ........................................................ 57
4.1 Estimates of social mobility within the peasant population
as a result of land sales on privat estates in Courland, 1865-1888 .................. 79
5.1 Ethnic composition of the rural population of Florina ........................................... l02
6.1 Colloquial language in Glanz and SchloBberg 1880-1910 ................................. 113
6.2 Changes of population figures and area in the Leutschach region
due to border-drawing .................................................................................................................. 116
6.3 Language in Glanz and SchloBberg 1910-1938 ........................................................... 119
6.4 Colloquial language in Glanz and SchloBberg 1938-1971... ................................ 128
7.1 South Tyrolese population by ethnic group 1910-1943 ......................................... 137
7.2 Percentages of ethnic groups in South Tyrolese population 1953 -1991 .... 141
7.3 Role of ethnicity in South-Tyrolese organisations in 1955
and 1992 and the fields of organisations with provisions in the
Second Autonomy Statute ............................................................................................................ 145
8.1 Command of Euskera and Basque Self-Identification,
%age of Population, 1991 .......................................................................................................... 156
8.2 Core-Periphery Typology, Operational Definitions .................................................... 161
8.3 Core/periphery matrix of Political and Cultural Basqueness in
Euskadi (% of municipalities) ................................................................................................... 164
8.4 Core-periphery municipality types, rurality, isolation and
social deprivation indicators ..................................................................................................... 170
9.1 Population and population change in towns and communities
of the study area, 1960/61 to 1990/91 ............................................................................... 178