National Survey Results on Drug Abuse, 1975-2005, Volume II, College Students and Adults Ages ...

321 Pages·2006·2.31 MB·English

NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE
Monitoring the Future
National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2005
Volume II
College Students
& Adults Ages 19–45
2005
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
MONITORING THE FUTURE
NATIONAL SURVEY RESULTS ON DRUG USE, 1975–2005

Volume II

College Students and Adults Ages 19–45

by

Lloyd D. Johnston, Ph.D.
Patrick M. O'Malley, Ph.D.
Jerald G. Bachman, Ph.D.
John E. Schulenberg, Ph.D.

The University of Michigan
Institute for Social Research

National Institute on Drug Abuse
6001 Executive Boulevard
Bethesda, Maryland 20892

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
National Institutes of Health

2006
This publication was written by the principal
investigators and staff of the Monitoring the Future
project, at the Institute for Social Research, the
University of Michigan, under Research Grants No.
R01 DA 01411 and R01 DA 016575 from the
National Institute on Drug Abuse.

The findings and conclusions in this report are
those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the views of the NIH.

Public Domain Notice

All material appearing in this volume is in the public
domain and may be reproduced or copied without
permission from the Institute or the authors.
Citation of the source is appreciated.

Recommended Citation

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., &
Schulenberg, J. E. (2006). Monitoring the Future
national survey results on drug use, 1975–2005:
Volume II, College students and adults ages 19–45
(NIH Publication No. 06-5884). Bethesda, MD:
National Institute on Drug Abuse.

National Institute on Drug Abuse
NIH Publication No. 06-5884
Printed October 2006
ABBREVIATED CONTENTS*

Detailed Contents ....................................................................................................................................... v

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ ix

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................................1

Chapter 2 Key Findings: An Overview and Integration Across Five Populations ................5

Chapter 3 Study Design and Procedures .................................................................................55

Chapter 4 Prevalence of Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood.....................................75

Chapter 5 Trends in Drug Use in Early to Middle Adulthood ............................................119

Chapter 6 Attitudes and Beliefs About Drugs Among Young Adults.................................175

Chapter 7 The Social Milieu for Adults .................................................................................191

Chapter 8 Prevalence of Drug Use Among College Students ..............................................227

Chapter 9 Trends in Drug Use Among College Students.....................................................237

Chapter 10 Risk and Protective Behaviors Related to HIV/AIDS ........................................277

Index ............................................................................................................................................297

*See next page for Detailed Contents.

iii
DETAILED CONTENTS

Page

Chapter 1 Introduction...............................................................................................................1

Surveys of College Students ......................................................................................................1
Surveys of Young Adults and Those Ages 35, 40, and 45 ........................................................2
General Purposes of the Research..............................................................................................3

Chapter 2 Key Findings: An Overview and Integration Across Five Populations ...............5

Trends in Illicit Drug Use ..........................................................................................................5
College-Noncollege Differences in Illicit Drug Use .........................................................19
Male-Female Differences in Illicit Drug Use ....................................................................20
Trends in Alcohol Use .............................................................................................................21
College-Noncollege Differences in Alcohol Use ..............................................................21
Male-Female Differences in Alcohol Use .........................................................................22
Trends in Cigarette Smoking ...................................................................................................23
Age and Cohort-Related Differences in Cigarette Smoking..............................................25
College-Noncollege Differences in Cigarette Smoking ....................................................25
Male-Female Differences in Cigarette Smoking ...............................................................26
Racial/Ethnic Comparisons......................................................................................................26
Drug Use in Eighth Grade........................................................................................................28
Drug Use by Age 45 ................................................................................................................29
Summary and Conclusions ......................................................................................................30

Chapter 3 Study Design and Procedures ................................................................................55

Research Design and Procedures for the Surveys of Twelfth Graders....................................55
The Population Under Study..............................................................................................56
The Omission of Dropouts.................................................................................................56
Sampling Procedures .........................................................................................................56
Questionnaire Administration............................................................................................57
Questionnaire Format.........................................................................................................57
Research Design and Procedures for the Surveys of Lower Grades .......................................57
Mode of Administration.....................................................................................................58
Questionnaire Forms and Sample Proportions ..................................................................59
Research Design and Procedures for the Follow-Up Surveys of Twelfth Graders .................60
Follow-Up Procedures .......................................................................................................60
Follow-Up Questionnaire Format ......................................................................................61
Representativeness and Sample Accuracy...............................................................................61
School Participation ...........................................................................................................61
Student Participation..........................................................................................................63
Sampling Accuracy of the Estimates .................................................................................64
Panel Retention ........................................................................................................................64
v
DETAILED CONTENTS (continued)

Page

The Problem of Panel Attrition..........................................................................................64
Response Rates Attained....................................................................................................65
The Impact of Panel Attrition on Research Results...........................................................66
Effects on Relational Analyses ..........................................................................................68
Validity of the Measures of Self-Reported Drug Use..............................................................68
Consistency and the Measurement of Trends ....................................................................69

Chapter 4 Prevalence of Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood....................................75

A Note on Adjusted Lifetime Prevalence Estimates................................................................76
Prevalence of Drug Use as a Function of Age.........................................................................77
Prevalence Comparisons for Subgroups of Young Adults ......................................................83
Gender Differences ............................................................................................................83
Regional Differences .........................................................................................................84
Population Density Differences .........................................................................................85

Chapter 5 Trends in Drug Use in Early to Middle Adulthood ...........................................119

Trends in Prevalence: Early and Middle Adulthood..............................................................120
Trends for Important Subgroups of Young Adults ................................................................128
Gender Differences in Trends..........................................................................................129
Regional Differences in Trends .......................................................................................133
Population Density Differences in Trends.......................................................................137

Chapter 6 Attitudes and Beliefs About Drugs Among Young Adults................................175

Perceived Harmfulness of Drugs ...........................................................................................175
Personal Disapproval of Drug Use ........................................................................................180
A Further Commentary: Cohort Differences and Their Implications for Prevention
and Theory .......................................................................................................................182

Chapter 7 The Social Milieu for Adults ................................................................................191

Peer Norms as Perceived by Adults.......................................................................................191
Current Perceptions of Friends’ Attitudes .......................................................................192
vi
DETAILED CONTENTS (continued)

Page

Trends in Peer Norms ......................................................................................................192
Exposure to Drug Use by Friends and Others .......................................................................194
Exposure to Drug Use Among Adults .............................................................................194
Trends in Exposure to Drug Use Among Adults .............................................................197
Perceived Availability of Drugs by Adults............................................................................199
Perceived Availability......................................................................................................199
Trends in Perceived Availability .....................................................................................200

Chapter 8 Prevalence of Drug Use Among College Students .............................................227

Prevalence of Drug Use: College Students Versus Those Not Enrolled in College..............228
Gender Differences in Prevalence of Use Among College Students.....................................230

Chapter 9 Trends in Drug Use Among College Students....................................................237

Trends in Prevalence 1980–2005: College Students Versus Those Not
Enrolled in College ..........................................................................................................238
Gender Differences in Trends Among College Students.......................................................244

Chapter 10 Risk and Protective Behaviors Related to HIV/AIDS .......................................277

Limitations .............................................................................................................................277
Adjusting for the Effects of Panel Attrition...........................................................................279
Prevalence/Frequency of Risk Behaviors: 21- to 30-Year-Olds............................................280
Injection Drug Use...........................................................................................................280
Needle Sharing.................................................................................................................281
Contacts With Multiple Partners......................................................................................281
Contacts With Partners of the Same Gender....................................................................282
Number of Partners Among Those With Same-Gender Partners ....................................283
Needle Sharing Among Those With Same-Gender Partners...........................................283
Donating Blood................................................................................................................283
Prevalence of Protective Behaviors .......................................................................................284
Condom Use.....................................................................................................................284
Getting Tested for HIV ....................................................................................................285

Index ........................................................................................................................................... 297

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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 2-1. Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Eighth, Tenth,
and Twelfth Graders, College Students, and Young Adults (Ages 19–28) ...........35

Table 2-2. Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Eighth, Tenth,
and Twelfth Graders, College Students, and Young Adults (Ages 19–28) ...........42

Table 2-3. Trends in Thirty-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Eighth, Tenth,
and Twelfth Graders, College Students, and Young Adults (Ages 19–28) ...........48

Table 2-4. Trends in Thirty-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Drugs for Eighth,
Tenth, and Twelfth Graders, College Students, and Young Adults
(Ages 19–28) .53

Table 3-1. Sample Sizes and Response Rates .........................................................................71

Table 4-1. Prevalence of Use of Various Types of Drugs by Gender, 2005, Among
Respondents of Modal Ages 19–30 .......................................................................87

Table 4-2. Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Types of Drugs by Subgroups, 2005,
Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19–30 ..........................................................89

Table 4-3. Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Types of Drugs by Subgroups, 2005,
Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19–30 ..........................................................91

Table 4-4. Thirty-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Types of Drugs by Subgroups,
2005, Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19–30 ................................................94

Table 4-5. Thirty-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Types of Drugs by
Subgroups, 2005, Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19–30.............................96

Table 5-1. Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Various Types of Drugs Among
Respondents of Modal Ages 19–28 .....................................................................142

Table 5-2. Trends in Annual Prevalence of Various Types of Drugs Among
Respondents of Modal Ages 19–28 .....................................................................144

Table 5-3. Trends in Thirty-Day Prevalence of Various Types of Drugs Among
Respondents of Modal Ages 19–28 .....................................................................145

Table 5-4. Trends in Thirty-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Types of Drugs
Among Respondents of Modal Ages 19–28 ........................................................146

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