NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN BIHAR

316 Pages·2015·11.02 MB·English

NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN BIHAR: KHILAFAT
TO CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE. 1919-1931
THESIS
Submittad for tho award of the Degree of
Mottox of ^liilogopf)?
IN *w
HISTORY
BY
HASSAN IMAM
Under the Supervision of
Professor M. Zameernddin Siddiqui
CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
ALIGARH MUSLIIVI UNIVERSITY
AUGARH (INDIA)
1992
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DEDICATED
TO
Prof. \\X Faruam
our beloved
Vice-Chancellor
A.M.U. Aligarh
CENTRE OF ADVAfJCED STUDY
TrLtrHOMB : 2'5446
DEPARTMBNT OF HISTORY
ALIOARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
AI.IGARH, U. P.
CERTIFICATE
This is "to certify 'that Mr. Hassan Imam has completed his
Research under my supervision. This Thesis prepared by him on,
^NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN BIHAR: KHILAFAT TO CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE,*
1919-31* is his original work and is fit for submission for the
award of the Ph.D. Degree in History.
Professor M. Zameeruddin Siddiquj
(Supervisor)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The present research study is an out come of cordial
support, guidance and cooperation provided by many persons. I
have no words to express deep sense of gratitude to all the
teachers and friends of the department with whom 1 received
proper guidance, encouragement and kind cooperation during my
research work.
Firstly I would like to thank my parents who had been a
constant source of inspiration and cncourngcmcnts. 1 am
especially thankful to Mrs Naima Imam (my wife) who inspired,
and encouraged me throughout my research work. I am also
thankful to my brothers and sisters for the same.
1, equally express my heartly fcolln/^s and deepest
sense of gratitude to Prof. M. Zameeruddln Sidiqul
(Supervisor) who inspite of his busy schedule assisted and
guided me properly, all the times and lastly examined my
thesis. So I am extremely beholden to him for his constant
guidance and supervision without which this work would not
have been possible. I am also thankful to Mrs. Siddiqui for
her love, affection and inspiration.
1 offer my special thanks and deep sense of gratitude
to Prof. A.J. Qaiselr for providing me his valuable suggestions
and guidance whenever I needed during my research study.
t
I am also highly thankful to my revered teachers
Prof. Irfan Habib, Prof. Iqtidar Alam Khan, Prof. Shireen
Moosvl, Prof. Shan Muhammad, Prof. IqbaJ Hussain, Prof. S.P.
Gupta, Dr. I.A. Zilli, Dr. M.P. Singh, Dr. J.M. Slddlqul and
Dr. Afzal Husaln and others who always gave me their full
support and kind cooperation in my research study.
I am extremely thankful to Dr. Masoom Raza Kazmi,
Deputy Director, Bihar State Archives, Patna, for providing me
the valuable and unexplored documents on my research work. 1
am profoundly grateful to Mr. Irfnn AH nncl hts rnmlly mombors
for their hospitality during my stay ot l'aLn.i for material
col lection.
1 offer my heartiest thanks to all my friends and
colleagues and well-wishers who helped me in the completion of
this work. 1 am specially thankful to Mr. Najmul Hoda,
Mr. S. Bashir Hasan, Mr. Mohd. Alamgir and Mr. Mumtaz Ahmad
for extending their full support for their undertaking the
difficult taks of proof-reading.
1 am very much thankful to Librarian and staff of
Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U. Aligath, Seminar Library,
Department of History, Director and Staffs of National
Archives of India, New Delhi, Bihar State Archieves, Patna,
Khuda Bakhs Khan, O.P. Library, Sinha Library, Patna.
Last but not least I am thankful to Mr. Shaukat,
Mr. Tariq, Mr. Muneeruddin and Mr. Suhail for word-processing
carefully and deligently.
Hassan Inam)
C O N T E N TS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION I-IX
CHAPTER - I 1-16
Modern Political Awakening in Bihar
Role of Western Education, Association,
Press and Vernacular Literature.
CHAPTER - II 17-45
Foundation of the Indian National Congress
and its Impact on Bihar
CHAPTER -III 46-113
Pan-Islamic and Khilafat Movements :
Role of Mazharul Haq and Other Leaders
CHAPTER - IV 114-190
Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation Movement
CHAPTER - V 171-232
(A) The Simen Commission
(B) The Nehru Report
CHAPTER - VI 233-285
Civil Disobedience Movement in Bihar
BIBLIOGRAPHY 286-293
INTRODUCTION
The Indiana National Movement is a subject of fascinating study.
It is a unique phenomenon of modern India which influenced the
contemporary world by the magnitude of its dimensions its
ideological concepts and the validity of its currents of thought
and by the ramifications of its complex nature. The philosophy
sustaining the movement had world-wide repercussions and
succeeded in stimulating and arousing popular movements and
uprisings world-wide. India took a lead in infusing vigour and
dynamism into the movements of self-realisation and sel-
deteirmination of all the depressed humanity subjected to colonial
domination and spoliation. India national leadership was
acclaimed with grateful appreciation and emulation by kindred
suffering people in Afro-Asian and Latin American Countries. Such
was global impact of the Indian National endeavour.
The saga of India's national struggle is heroic inspiring,
didactic and exhilarating. It was a mass movement which
attracted millions of people of all classes adhering to
different ideologies united under one banner, directed against
the mighty colonial rule.
The National Movement is a unique phenomenon of modern
India. Its origins go back to the discontent generated by the
economic, political and administrative policies of the colonial
government in India. The long-drawn struggle which culminated in
the attainment of independence in 1947 is divided into well-
demarcated phases.
u
The latter half of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th
Century witnessed the challenge flung by a number of Indian
Powers attempting to throw off the yoke of British rule. But due
to lack of unity among the Indian powers the British consolidated
their powers in India and the Indian ruling chiefs were
eliminated one after another.
Moreover, a series of trebles and peasant revolts, uprisings
and discontent were generated and endured against the colonial
establishment in different parts of the country which formed a
background and it culminated in the great out break of 1857.
The next phase of the movement is marked by the influence
of western education and ideas. The people who received their
education in western countries came to know about the
democratic system of the government in Britain, France and other
Western countries and sought to sat up likewise institution in
India. While discussing the national movement, the role of press
and literature specially the vernacular literature can not be
glossed over. It propagated the patriotic and nationalist
sentiments among the Indian. All these developments culminated to
give rise to an all India organize concerted efforts ultimately
leading to the formation of the Indian National Congress which
was on firm ground to become the most tangible manifestation of
national will and determination.
The Congress used its platform and declared the use of
S»adeshi goods and boycott of foreign goods, which continued till
the India became independent. It affected the British economy
Iff
tremendously. By 1930 the general imports were reduced to 1/3 to
1/4 and sixteen British-owned cloth Mills were closed.
The Political goal of the Congress was Puma Swaraj
(Complete independence). Besides the radical Nationalists, there
were the Extremists who aimed at the emancipation of the
motherland from the foreign rule through revolutionary methods.
For this purpose many secret Organizations were formed all over
the country. The Government passed many Ordinances to crush
nationalist demands.
The Muslims too could not remain aloof from the national
mainstream, not withstanding their peculiar problem. The
foundation of the All India Muslim League was an outcome of the
Muslim political activities in India. The emergence of the Muslim
Political Organisation played a vital role in the development of
Muslim Politics in India. The purpose of this Organisation was
to safeguard the Muslim's interests and established her own
identity without interfering in the Congress activities. It is
very diff-icult, for the historians to determine who wirl be held
responsible for the partition of Indi/a, whether the Congress, or
the Muslim League or Hindu Mahasabha or all of the them
cumulatively ? The most important phase in the history of the
national movement starts with the entry of Mahatma Gandhi into
the national politics. He evolved a new technique and formed new
Weapons to fight the mighty British imperialists. He got this
technique of Satyagraha, non-cooperation, non-violent struggle
and implemented it in the Indian Politics. Finally he was crowned