National Human Development Report 2018 PDF
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TIMOR-LESTE National Human Development Report 2018 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Planning the Opportunities for a Youthful Population A traditional A girl carrying her good after Tara Bandu ceremony. return from Suai market. © Jin Ni © Bernardino Soares Women from Cafe Francisco Lobo, a final year Cooperativa Timor factory student at UNTL, accessing sort out coffee beans in Dili. books in the university library. © Martine Perret © Bernardino Soares Copyright © 2018 By the United Nations Development Programme 1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. Sales no.: E.18.III.B.2 ISBN: 978-92-1-126436-4 eISBN: 978-92-1-363295-6 TIMOR-LESTE National Human D evelopment Report 2018 Planning the Opportunities for a Youthful Population Published for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) National Human Development Report Production Team Team Leader and Lead Author Associate Professor Udoy Saikia Project Manager Dr. Merve Hosgelen Principal Authors and Researchers Associate Professor Udoy Saikia, Dr. Merve Hosgelen, Associate Professor Gouranga Dasvarma, Dr. James Chalmers Authors of Background Papers Dr. Tim Anderson, Dr. Helen Hill, Professor Andrew Skuse, Dr. Ann Wigglesworth Editor Robert Zimmermann Layout and Design Phoenix Design Aid, Denmark ii | TIMOR-LESTE NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2018 Message from the Prime Minister It is my pleasure and honour to introduce the Timor-Leste With its wealth of insights and data, this report assesses National Human Development Report 2018, with the theme youth’s strengths and challenges using a well-being frame- of “Providing Opportunities for a Youthful Population”. This work that is holistic and multi-dimensional in its approach. is the 4th National Human Development Report since the res- It sheds light on youths’ well-being vulnerabilities that toration of our independence in 2002 and it states the simple constitute a barrier for achieving a demographic dividend. yet powerful idea that the youth of Timor-Leste are the real It stresses the importance of closing the youth well-being wealth of our nation and the engines of sustainable develop- gap and the timeliness for more dedicated pro-youth invest- ment. Hence, their well-being is pivotal for the prosperity and ments now to yield a greater return for sustainable develop- progress of our country. ment in the future. Timor-Leste is on the march towards a more prosperous It is indeed our duty to implement smart policies and future in which all its citizens, young, old, male, female, rural, investments without any delay to address young people’s urban, of all faiths and backgrounds are empowered to realize challenges on multiple fronts, from decent employment and their full potential, live with satisfaction and feel proud of quality education to youth friendly health services and active their country. This endeavor, regardless of how challenging it citizenship. Gaps in education and skills are forcing too many may be, is highlighted in our vision that guides our National young people, particularly young girls, to leave education at Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030. an early age, unprepared for work and life. A progressive and While many milestones have already been achieved, we still peaceful Timor-Leste requires an empowered generation have a long way to go to achieve a robust economy, a resilient of youth who are skilled, well-educated, and emotionally, environment and a cohesive society that have high levels of physically, culturally and spiritually ready to contribute to the human development and well-being. nation building process of Timor-Leste. This report highlights that Timor-Leste has one of the The responsibility rests on our nation, citizens and leaders youngest populations in the Asia-Pacific region, with 74 per- alike to invest in youth and unlock their potential to help cent below the age of 35. Unemployment among our youth transform this unique nation for a sustainable and prosperous is wide-spread and the majority remain idle. Mean years of future. The evidence base that this report provides is a signifi- schooling is fewer than 5 and even shorter for our young girls. cant contribution for our efforts to promote human develop- Unfortunately, the gender gap in employment and education ment, reduce inequalities, and ensure sound foundations for is a reality. Hence, it is our shared responsibility to enable sustainable economic growth. youth to gain the knowledge, skills and experiences that they I am confident that the readers of this report will share need to lead the lives that they value. the inspiration and dedication for working together towards We now have a demographic opportunity at our door step improved youth well-being in Timor-Leste and unleash since the proportion of our economically productive age their potential to advance human development for all. It is group in the total population is increasing. This can have a my sincere hope that an inclusive and sustainable economic multiplier effect on sustainable human development if we paradigm that truly serves the solidarity and well-being of our foster smart policies now to significantly reduce the vulner- people as recommended by this report will firmly take root in abilities of the youth. Many of our neighboring countries in Timor-Leste society and continue to be the guiding principle Asia have benefited from the demographic window of oppor- for our country’s development strategies and policies. tunity, a phenomenon which only opens once for each coun- try and lasts for about four to five decades. This opportunity arises when the share of people in productive working years exceeds the share of dependents, namely children and elderly. The Timor-Leste National Human Development Report 2018 is a timely and useful contribution to the policy debate on how to develop our country’s greatest asset, the young people, and unlock their potential to harness this demo- Dr. Marí Bim Amude Alkatiri graphic opportunity for accelerated economic and human Prime Minister development gains. Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste ii | TIMOR-LESTE NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2018 PLANNING THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR A YOUTHFUL POPULATION | iii Foreword Human development is first and foremost about allowing cycles and generates the demand to improve the productive people to lead lives that they value and enabling them to capacities of the population to expand formal employment, realize their potential as human beings. The Sustainable develop a local economy, increasing and diversifying do- Development Goals, an internationally agreed set of time- mestic revenue and improving the conditions of the active bound goals for reducing extreme poverty, extending gender population, especially that of young people between 15 and equality and advancing opportunities for health and educa- 35 years of age. tion set out the framework for human development. Progress The social and economic costs of long-term unemployment towards Timor-Leste’s own Strategic Development Plan and poverty are not only measured in terms of income sup- objectives provides a benchmark for assessing the country’s port. They include loss of output, erosion of skills, reduced resolve in translating commitments into action. More than levels of economic activity, and increased social divisions. that, it is a condition for building shared prosperity and con- Unemployment wastes some of the scarce resources used solidating the culture of peace and democracy. in training workers. Many studies have shown there is a Timor-Leste’s 4th National Human Development Report strong correlation between health and education conditions looks at well-being and identifies options for seizing the amongst the population and economic growth. Investments demographic dividend, an issue that profoundly influences aimed at creating human capital - for example, improving human potential and sustainable development. Timor-Leste, access to preventive or curative health services, or improving a young and vibrant democracy, is the second most youthful the coverage, quality and relevance of education - result in a country in the Asia-Pacific region. The large proportion of a better trained, more productive population with greater po- young population of working age combined with a declining tential to contribute to strengthening national competitivity. dependency ratio provides a unique development opportuni- Globalisation and the transition toward an information ty. How the Government responds to this reality will define society mean that societies depend increasingly on their com- the shift from a “youth bulge” into a “youth dividend”. petitiveness and this, in turn, relies on the incorporation of A youth bulge, is many times associated with high youth intelligence and knowledge into the productive system. As a unemployment and widespread inequality—a recipe for result, economic development requires fast and wide-ranging political instability. Frustrated by the lack of opportunities, changes in education. many young people in countries with these characteristics These and other issues are carefully examined in the report. risk their lives on perilous journeys in search of a better life The challenges it sets out are complex, but the authors offer abroad. Pools of idle youth are a magnet for recruiters from policy options and recommendations. The report informs the organized crime or extremist groups. Fortunately, Timor- need for action, transformative policies and programmes now Leste has successfully managed the transition from conflict to seize the demographic opportunity that is in Timor-Leste’s to peace. The recent electoral processes are a testament to horizon. As the evidence suggests, Timor-Leste’s progress to- the improvement in state institutions’ capacity as well as the wards its Strategic Development Plan goals could be further country’s democratic capital strength. accelerated ensuring an even brighter and prosperous future. Timor-Leste’s economy has grown steadily in the past decade. The population projections show that Timor-Leste is predominantly a young country. For the year 2015 more than 65 percent of the population was below 25 years of age. The changing characteristics of the population growth in the country show that the demographic window of opportunity opens sooner than projected allowing the country to achieve the demographic dividend subject to implementation of ade- Claudio Providas quate policies. This demographic dividend is an opportunity Resident Representative (a.i) to advance the quality of primary and secondary education United Nations Development Programme Timor-Leste iv | TIMOR-LESTE NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2018 Acknowledgements This report is an outcome of sustained determination, ded- UNDP and Flinders University, Australia for evidence-based ication, hard work and commitment of the report’s produc- policy making. We thank the report’s core writing team tion team towards making a meaningful contribution to the Associate Professor Gour Dasvarma and Dr. Jim Chalmers, nation building process of Asia’s newest nation. This report background paper authors and report reviewers whose con- could not have been produced without the excellent sup- tributions made us confident in delivering this report in the port and guidance of the Sixth and Seventh Constitutional most meaningful way. Governments of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. The list of names provided below is an attempt to ac- Associate Professor Dr. Udoy Saikia, the Lead Author knowledge the contribution of individuals for this impor- and Dr. Merve Hosgelen, Project Manager and Principal tant endeavour we truly feel passionate about. The youth of Author of this report would like to express sincere gratitude Timor-Leste is at the heart of this work. We sincerely hope particularly to H.E. Agio Pereira, the current Minister in the that youth themselves will take ownership of this report and Office of the Prime Minister for Delimitation of Borders of its recommendations. the Seventh Constitutional Government and his office for providing strong support and guidance for the initiation and Members of the Project implementation of this project during the past two years. Special thanks go to the Ministry of Finance for the substan- Advisory Committee tial contribution to the financing of this project and the General Directorate of Statistics for taking on board the important task of collecting primary data to inform the report’s theme. The The Government of Timor-Leste rolling out and quality assurance of the Timor-Leste 2016 Youth Well-Being Survey would not be possible without the excellent H.E Agio Pereira, Minister of State for the Council of assistance of Director General Mr. Elias dos Santos, the National Ministers, Sixth Constitutional Government and the current Director Silvino Lopes and the directorate’s dedicated team of Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister for Delimitation enumerators who have reached out to all corners of the country. of Borders, Seventh Constitutional Government This report reflects the voices of the youth in Timor-Leste who have been consulted through various processes. We H.E Rui Augusto Gomes, Minister of Finance and Planning, would like to take the opportunity to thank youth who have Seventh Constitutional Government participated in the survey for their time and effort to voice their perceptions, opinions and aspirations. We would like H.E Helder Lopes, Vice Minister of Finance, Sixth to extend our thanks to the Secretary of State for Youth and Constitutional Government Sports, in particular National Director David de Deus for assisting the project team to connect to various youth centres H.E. Dr Avelino Coelho, Secretary of State for the Council which helped us deepen the analysis of this report. We thank of Ministers, Sixth Constitutional Government the youth centre managers for assisting us in organising the focus group discussions in the municipalities and Mr. Avito Mr. Elias dos Santos, Director General, General Directorate Julio Hendriques for helping us facilitate these. of Statistics, Ministry of Finance The UNDP, through the production of various HDRs, assists many countries in policy making towards higher levels Mr. Silvino Lopes, National Director, National Directorate of human development and well-being. The support we have of Statistics, Ministry of Finance received from the UNDP country team, particularly from the former Resident Representative Mr. Knut Ostby and his Mr. David de Deus, National Director, Secretary of State for Deputy Ms. Noura Hamladji for the initiation of this report Youth and Sports has been a strong indication of UNDP’s stand towards ad- vancing human development in Timor-Leste. We also would Ms. Iriana Ximenes Martins, National Advisor to the Office like to express sincere thanks to Mr Claudio Providas, the of Council of Ministers, Sixth Constitutional Government Country Director of UNDP for his on-going guidance and wisdom throughout the preparation process of this report. Mr. Flavio Simoes, Defence and Security Advisor, Office of Special thanks go to the Flinders University, in particular the Prime Minister, Seventh Constitutional Government the Deputy Vice Chancellor Professor Robert Saint, for sup- porting the technical team in numerous ways to strengthen Ms. Elizabeth Baptista, National Advisor to the Office of the collaboration between the Government of Timor-Leste, Council of Ministers, Sixth Constitutional Government iv | TIMOR-LESTE NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2018 PLANNING THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR A YOUTHFUL POPULATION | v United Nations Development Programme (Covalima); Emilio Pereira, Supervisor (Dili); Jose Manuel, Enumerator (Dili); Francisco da Costa, Enumerator (Dili); Mr. Knut Ostby, UN Resident Coordinator and UNDP Fernao M. Trindade, Enumerator (Dili); Januario J. S. Correia, Resident Representative Enumerator (Dili); Jacob Amaral, Enumerator (Dili); Jose Venancio, Supervisor (Ermera); Silvino Martins, Enumerator Mr. Claudio Providas, Country Director, UNDP (Ermera); Marfino Pereira, Supervisor (Lautem); Apolinario da Costa, Enumerator (Lautem); Pedro Almeida da Costa, Mr. Jose Marcelino Cabral Belo, Former Head of Resilience Supervisor (Liquiҫa); Antonio da Silva Xavier, Enumerator Building Unit, UNDP (Liquiҫa); Abilio da C. Sarmento, Enumerator (Manatuto); Joao dos Reis Caldeiras, Supervisor (Manatuto); Luizinho Dr. Merve Hosgelen, National HDR Project Manager and Martins da Costa, Enumerator (Manufahi); Armando da Principal Author and Researcher, UNDP Costa, Supervisor (Manufahi); Mateus Potto, Enumerator (Oecussi-Ambeno); Luis Soares, Supervisor (Viqueque); Jose Inacio A. Rido Gusmao, Enumerator (Viqueque) Flinders University Data Entry and Statistical Support Associate Professor Udoy Saikia, National HDR Team Leader and Lead Author, Flinders University Silvino Lopes, Francelino Leão Freitas Fernandes, Fidelis Dr. Jim Chalmers, Principle Report Author and Researcher, Lopes, Vasco Simões de Araujo, Sergio de Jesus, Noe Antonio Flinders University Jose Soares da Cruz, Pawel Skuza Associate Professor Gour Dasvarma, Principle Report Author Programme, Communication and Researcher, Flinders University and Administration Support Field Survey Administration Jose Belo, Auxiliadora dos Santos, Felisberta da Silva Moniz, and Coordination Joaninha Silva, Honorina Sarmento, Jennifer Ann Harrison, Rochan Kadaria, Wiselene Dorceus Silvino Lopes, General Coordinator (National); Ricardo da Cruz Silva, Regional Coordinator (National); Silveiro Chapter peer reviewers Martins Pinto, Regional Coordinator (National); Helder H. Mendes, Regional Coordinator (National); Domingos Barros Kehi, Regional Coordinator (National); Mateus Pinheiro, Antero Benedito, Richard Curtin, Nicholas McTurk, Owais Supervisor (Aileu); Mariano Martins, Supervisor (Ainaro); Parray, Larry Saha, Charles Schneider, Abel da Silva Filomeno B. Amaral, Enumerator (Ainaro); Manuel Soares Pereira, Supervisor (Baucau); Dionisio Roberto Dos Santos, Report peer reviewers Enumerator (Baucau); Augusto Vicente, Enumerator (Bobonaro); Martinho Gusmao, Enumerator (Bobonaro); Zacarias da Silva, Enumerator (Bobonaro); Fernando Sunita Caminha, Jonathan Hall, Sharad Neupane, Claudio Pereira, Supervisor (Covalima); Natalino Lopes, Enumerator Providas, Nicholas Taylor, Bishwa Nath Tiwari vi | TIMOR-LESTE NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2018 Maps Dili Lautem Baucau Manatuto Liquiça Aileu Viqueque Ermera Bobonaro Manufahi Ainaro Cova Lima Oecussi China India Burma Thailand Vietnam Philippines Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Timor-Leste Australia vi | TIMOR-LESTE NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2018 PLANNING THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR A YOUTHFUL POPULATION | vii Abbreviations FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the SAR Special Administrative Region (China) United Nations SDG Sustainable Development Goal GDI gender development index SEPFOPE Secretaria de Estado para a Politica da Formação GDP gross domestic product Professional e Emprego (Secretariat of State for Vocational Training Policy and Employment) HDI human development index SMEs small and medium enterprises HDR Human Development Report TVET technical and vocational education and training ICT information and communication technology UNDP United Nations Development Programme ILO International Labour Organization UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and IT information technology Cultural Organization NEET not in education, employment, or training UNTL Universidade Nacional Timor-Lorosa’e NGO non-governmental organization (National University of Timor-Leste) OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development viii | TIMOR-LESTE NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2018
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