National First Aid Manual 2017

384 Pages·2017·30.17 MB·English

Table of Contents
Table of Contents Anatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Physiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . I-I
Seven major systems of the body2-3
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-I
Musculoskeletal System. . . . . . . . . .2-3
Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Foreword Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
Skull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6
Copyrights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-II
Muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
Contributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-II The respiratory system. . . . . . . . . . .2-11
About the Canadian Ski Patrol. . . . . I-III Circulatory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-14
Fast facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-III Cardiovascular system. . . . . . . . . . .2-14
CSP course offerings. . . . . . . . . . . . I-IV Circulatory and cardiac cycle . . . . . .2-15
The lymphatic system. . . . . . . . . . . .2-17
ABC summary: airway, breathing, and
Introduction to First Aid
circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19
The nervous system. . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19
What is first aid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Central nervous system . . . . . . . . . .2-19
What makes a good first aid provider?
Autonomic nervous system. . . . . . . .2-21
1-1
Sense organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21
First aid provider responsibility. 1-2 The digestive system . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22
Survey the scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 The urinary system. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-25
Evaluate signs and symptoms . . . . . 1-2 The endocrine and reproductive systems2-
Gather information about  25
the incident and the injured. . . . . . . 1-2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26
Be professional. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Prompt and effective care . . . . . . . . 1-2
Infectious Diseases and
Communicate with 
Universal Precautions
appropriate personnel. . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Transport the injured person to
Infectious diseases. . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
medical assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Exposure to infectious diseases.3-2
Communicate and 
report incident details . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Signs, symptoms and transmission of
Legal considerations. . . . . . . . . . 1-3 infectious diseases. . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Legal protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Hepatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 Personal concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4
Universal precautions . . . . . . . . .3-4
Anatomy and Physiology
Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
The body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
i
First Aid
Patient Assessment Proper oxygen administration. . . . . .5-6
Pulse Oximetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-7
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-8
Stages in assessment . . . . . . . . 4-1
Scene survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Basic Life Support
Primary assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Signs and symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 CPR levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
Areas of evaluation in the
ABCs of basic life support. . . . . .6-1
primary assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Basic life necessities. . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2
Transportation decision . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Clinical and biological death. . . . . . .6-2
Communicate injury severity . . . . . . 4-9
Airway: causes of airway problems6-2
Secondary assessment . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
Head-to-toe exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14 Anatomical obstruction. . . . . . . . . . .6-2
Pain management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 Mechanical obstruction. . . . . . . . . . .6-2
Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21 Breathing: causes of breathing
Multiple patients - triage . . . . . . . 4-22 problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3
START . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22 Signs and symptoms of airway
General triage procedures . . . . . . . . 4-22 and breathing problems. . . . . . . . . .6-3
Circulation problems . . . . . . . . . .6-4
Oxygen Signs and symptoms 
of circulatory problems . . . . . . . . . .6-4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Methods and principles 
Benefits of  used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation
administering oxygen . . . . . . . . . 5-1 (CPR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-4
Impairment of circulatory system . . . 5-2 Activating emergency medical services6-5
Impairment of respiratory system. . . 5-2
Clearing the airway. . . . . . . . . . . .6-5
Hypoxia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Head tilt - chin lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-6
Inadequate respiration . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 Tongue jaw lift. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-6
Inadequate circulation . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 Jaw thrust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-6
Cellular transport problems . . . . . . . 5-3
Airway obstructions . . . . . . . . . . .6-6
Chronic bronchitis. . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Mild airway obstruction. . . . . . . . . . .6-6
Complications of 
Severe airway obstruction . . . . . . . .6-7
oxygen administration. . . . . . . . . 5-3 Abdominal thrusts/back blows- conscious
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease adult or child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-7
(COPD) and oxygen use . . . . . . . 5-3 Special considerations . . . . . . . . . . .6-8
Back blows and chest thrusts
Oxygen equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
on a conscious infant. . . . . . . . . . . .6-9
Tank and pressure regulator . . . . . . 5-4
Suction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10
Regulator and flowmeter . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Artificial respiration (breathing) .6-12
Face mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Non-rebreathing mask . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 Using artificial respiration . . . . . . . . .6-12
Nasal cannula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 Ventilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-12
Equipment and treatments . . . . . . . .6-13
Handling of oxygen equipment and
Oropharyngeal airways. . . . . . . . . . .6-15
administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Ventilating without pocket face mask6-15
Storage and handling 
Laryngectomy (neck breather) . . . . .6-16
of oxygen equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Spontaneous breathing. . . . . . . . . . .6-17
Safe handling of equipment . . . . . . . 5-6
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First Aid
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)6- Subcutaneous emphysema . . . . . . .8-2
21 Closed chest injuries . . . . . . . . . .8-2
Automated external defibrillator  Rib fractures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2
(AED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21 Flail chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3
Pulse check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21 Pneumothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4
Landmark for cardiac . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22 Tension pneumothorax. . . . . . . . . . .8-4
Cardiac compression  Spontaneous pneumothorax. . . . . . .8-5
and ventilation ratios. . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23 Open chest injuries. . . . . . . . . . . .8-5
Adult one-rescuer CPR . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Impaled objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5
Adult two-rescuer CPR. . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-6
Child CPR (one year up to eight years old or
puberty). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
Infant CPR (up to 1 year). . . . . . . . . 6-25 Shock and Severe
Do not resuscitate (DNR). . . . . . . . . 6-25
Bleeding
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28
Chain of Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29 Shock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1
Recognition of warning signs. . . . . . 6-29 Progressive nature of shock . . . .9-2
Early access to the emergency medical
Signs and symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2
services (EMS) system. . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-3
Early CPR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Types of shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4
Early defibrillation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Cardiogenic shock . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4
Early advanced care. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Hypovolemic shock . . . . . . . . . . .9-4
CPR for the health care provider 6-30
Bleeding (hemorrhage) (hypovolemia)9-4
External bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-5
Automated External
General treatment for
Defibrillator (AED) external bleeding injuries. . . . . . . . .9-6
Treatment for bleeding injuries on the trunk
What is an AED 
9-6
and how does it work . . . . . . . . . 7-1 Treatment for injuries to 
Conduction system of the heart . . . . 7-2 the extremities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-6
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) . . . . . . . . 7-2 Internal bleeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-6
Ventricular tachycardia. . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 Internal abdominal bleeding . . . . . . .9-7
Asystole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 Internal bleeding at a fracture site . .9-8
Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) . . 7-3 Distributive shock. . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8
How to use the AED. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Anaphylactic shock. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8
Special considerations. . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Septic shock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8
Troubleshooting and maintenance. . 7-7
Neurogenic and vagal shock . . . . . .9-9
Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Obstructive shock. . . . . . . . . . . . .9-9
AED check-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Legal aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Handover to EMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 Head Injuries
External head injuries. . . . . . . . . .10-2
Chest Injuries
Facial, scalp contusions and lacerations10-
Overview of chest injuries . . . . . 8-1 2
Jaw fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-2
General signs of chest injuries. . . . . 8-1
Skull fractures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-3
Best indication of chest injury. . . . . . 8-1
i - iii
First Aid
Internal head injuries. . . . . . . . . . 10-4 Amputations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-4
Concussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 Chafing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-4
Cerebral contusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 Friction blisters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-5
Intracranial pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Splinter removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-5
Intracranial bleeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Dental injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-6
Epidural bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Subdural bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 Bleeding from specific sites . . . .12-6
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 Open fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-6
Nose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-7
Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-7
Spinal Injuries
Face and scalp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-8
Mouth or tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-8
Signs and symptoms. . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-8
Complications due to neck injuries11-2
Varicose vein ulcer. . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-9
Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3 Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-9
Prevent further injury . . . . . . . . . 11-3 Special wounds - evisceration. . .12-9
Cervical spine (C-spine) procedures 11-3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-9
Cervical collar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
What if a cervical collar cannot be applied to Dressings,
the patient's neck? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7
Bandages 
Immobilize the patient . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7
Log roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8 and Slings
Scoop stretcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10
Types of dressings. . . . . . . . . . . .13-1
Tie down procedures using triangulars11-
Sterile dressings (gauze) . . . . . . . . .13-1
11
Non-sterile/improvised dressings . . .13-2
General points of consideration . . . . 11-12
Types of bandages . . . . . . . . . . . .13-2
Other spinal situations . . . . . . . . 11-13
Basic principles of bandaging. . .13-2
Straightening a patient 
with a spinal injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13 Triangular bandages. . . . . . . . . . .13-3
Patient found face down. . . . . . . . . . 11-14 Folded triangular bandages . . . . . . .13-3
Procedure for standing take-down Broad bandage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-3
spinal immobilization . . . . . . . . . 11-15 Cravat bandage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-4
Roll cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-4
Transportation of spinal injuries 11-17
Ring pad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-4
Helmet removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17
Padding or storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-4
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-18
Unfolding bandages . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-5
Roller bandages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-5
Wounds Tourniquet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-5
Improvised bandages. . . . . . . . . . . .13-5
Types of wounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 Bandage usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-5
Hazards of wounds . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2 Triangular bandages for the head. . .13-6
Blood loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2 Triangular bandage for the shoulder.13-7
Loss of function and tissue damage. 12-2 Triangular bandage for the hip . . . . .13-7
Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2 Bandage for chest and back. . . . . . .13-8
General treatment of wounds. . . . . . 12-3 Triangular bandage for elbow and knee13-8
Triangular bandage for the open hand and
Specific treatment of wounds. . . 12-4
foot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-10
Impaled objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
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First Aid
Pressure bandage for the hand . . . 13-11 Immobilizing Fractures,
Cravat bandage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-12
Dislocations and Soft
Covering bandage for open fractures and
Tissue Injuries
other uses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
Stirrup bandage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
Splints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-1
Modified stirrup bandage . . . . . . . . . 13-15
Purpose of splints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-1
Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-16
Characteristics of splints. . . . . . . . . .15-1
Types of slings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-16
Commonly-used splints . . . . . . . . . .15-2
Small arm sling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-16
Specific Treatments . . . . . . . . . . .15-2
Large arm sling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-17
Body sling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-18 Lower jaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-3
Clavicle (collar bone) . . . . . . . . . . . .15-3
Tourniquet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-19
Scapula (shoulder blade) . . . . . . . . .15-4
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-20
Shoulder dislocation. . . . . . . . . . . . .15-4
Humerus (upper arm). . . . . . . . . . . .15-5
Fractures, Dislocations Lower arm (forearm, wrist, hand) . . .15-6
Dislocated or fractured elbow. . . . . .15-7
and Soft Tissue Injuries
Fractured finger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-8
Fractures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1 Ribs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-8
Pelvic girdle fractures. . . . . . . . . . . .15-8
Fracture types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
Hip injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-10
Closed fractures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
Femur fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-10
Open fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
Alternative method 
Fracture management. . . . . . . . . 14-3 (if a backboard is not available) . . .15-13
Definitions for fracture management 14-3 Patella (knee cap). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-13
Signs and symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4 Lower leg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-14
Treatment overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4 Open fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-16
Basic aims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-5
Ski boots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-16
Rationale for realignment of fractures14-5
Removing ski boots . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-16
General procedure - limb fractures. . 14-6
Typical splints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-16
Treatment for open fractures . . . . . . 14-8
Dislocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-8 Sun Valley splint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-17
Modified Sun Valley splint. . . . . . . . .15-17
Signs and symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-8
Standard ski pole splint. . . . . . . . . . .15-18
Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-8
Alternative ski pole splint . . . . . . . . .15-20
Strains, sprains and tendon injuries14-
Foot and ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-20
9
Wire mesh splints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-21
Differences between strains, sprains and Improvised splint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-21
tendon injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-9
Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-10
Medical Conditions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-10
Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI). . 14-11 Angina (angina pectoris) . . . . . . .16-2
Signs and symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-11 Angina medication instructions. . . . .16-2
Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-11 Anaphylaxis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-3
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-11 Signs and symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . .16-3
Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-3
EpiPen administration . . . . . . . . .16-4
Asphyxia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-6
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First Aid
Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-6 Reaction of the body to cold. . . . . . .17-6
Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-7 Summary of hypothermia signs . . . .17-7
General treatment of hypothermia . .17-7
Hypoglycemia (insulin shock) 
Warnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-10
- severe low blood sugar. . . . . . . 16-8
Transporting hypothermia patients. .17-11
Unresponsive patients . . . . . . . . . . . 16-9 Re-warming and after-drop. . . . . . . .17-11
Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma)  Localized cold injuries . . . . . . . . .17-11
- severe high blood sugar. . . . . . 16-9
Non-freezing cold injury and localized
Summary of diabetes considerations16-10 hypothermia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-11
Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-10 Frostbite and superficial frostbite . . .17-12
Re-warming deep frostbite . . . . . . . .17-13
Status epilepticus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-11
Common hazards 
Heart attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-12
treating frostbite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-14
Aspirin administration. . . . . . . . . 16-13
Heat exposure injuries . . . . . . . . .17-14
Hyperventilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-14
Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-14
Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-15
Heat cramps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-15
Conscious patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-15 Heat syncope (fainting). . . . . . . . . . .17-15
Unresponsive patient . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-16 Heat exhaustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-16
Syncope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-16 Heat stroke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-16
Unresponsiveness and lowered levels Exposure to hazardous materials17-17
of consciousness. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-16 Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System 2015 (WHMIS) . . . . . . . . . .17-17
Alert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-16
Verbal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17 Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-21
Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17 Classifications of burns. . . . . . . . . . .17-21
Unresponsive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-21
General treatment for the unresponsive Estimating the size of the burn area.17-21
patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17 Shock in burn injuries. . . . . . . . . . . .17-22
Causes of unresponsiveness. . . . . . 16-18 General treatment for burns . . . .17-22
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-18 Common hazards treating burns . . .17-23
Specific treatment for minor burns 
(Small and first-degree burns). . . . .17-23
Environmental Injuries
Chemical burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-23
Altitude sickness. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1 Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-24
Mild acute mountain sickness . . . . . 17-2 Respiratory complications. . . . . .17-24
High altitude pulmonary edema Inhalation injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-24
(HAPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2 Thermal injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-24
High altitude cerebral edema  Smoke injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-25
(HACE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2
Electrical burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-25
Heat and cold injuries . . . . . . . . . 17-3
Flash burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-25
Body temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-3 Contact burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-25
Heat transfer mechanisms. . . . . . . . 17-3
Electrical shock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-26
Other factors affecting 
Lightning strike. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-26
body heat balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-4
Sunburn or 
Cold exposure injuries . . . . . . . . 17-5
ultraviolet light exposure. . . . . . .17-27
Hypothermia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-5
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-28
Prevention of hypothermia. . . . . . . . 17-6
2015
i - vi
First Aid
Poisoning, Drug and Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-7
Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-7
Medication Abuse
There are three basic stages . . . . . .19-8
Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1 Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-8
Miscarriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-9
General signs and symptoms. . . . . . 18-2
General treatment for poisoning. . . . 18-2 Conclusion - miscellaneous injuries19-
Procedures for handling cases 10
of poisoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-2 Critical incident stress . . . . . . . . .19-10
Unresponsive patient . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-2 Cause of critical incident stress . . . .19-10
Conscious patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-3 Critical debriefing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-11
Ingested poisons. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-3 Conclusion - critical incident stress19-
Inhaled poisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-3 12
Injected poisons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-4
Pressure immobilization bandage . . 18-4 Pediatric First Aid
Absorption (surface contact) poisons
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-1
18-5
Pediatric age groups. . . . . . . . . . . . .20-1
Poisonous plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-6
Anatomy and physiology of the
Insect stings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-7
pediatric patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-1
Local response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-7
Trachea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-2
Systemic response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-7
Blood volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-2
Jellyfish stings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-8
Ribs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-3
Snake bite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-8 Abdomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-3
Drug abuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-9 Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-3
Head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-3
Type of drug dependence . . . . . . . . 18-9
Heart rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-3
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-13
Communication with a child . . . .20-3
Toddler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-4
Miscellaneous Treatments
Preschoolers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-4
School age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-5
Eye injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1
Teens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-5
Foreign body in the eye . . . . . . . . . . 19-2
Principles for effective examination20-
Burns of the eye or eyelid. . . . . . . . . 19-3
5
Lacerated eyelid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4
Parental reaction to an injury of their
Lacerated eyeball. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4
Solar keratitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4 child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-6
Ear and nose problems. . . . . . . . 19-5 Assessment of a child . . . . . . . . .20-6
Earache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-5 Rapid cardiopulmonary assessment.20-6
Foreign body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-5 Pediatric BTLS (basic trauma life support)
Tooth injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-6 primary assessment . . . . . . . . . . . .20-6
General appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . .20-6
Types of tooth injuries . . . . . . . . . . . 19-6
Level of consciousness. . . . . . . . . . .20-6
General tooth Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . 19-6
Airway and C-spine. . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-6
Specific tooth injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . 19-6
Critical interventions. . . . . . . . . . . . .20-7
Abdominal problems. . . . . . . . . . 19-7
Breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-7
Abdominal pain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-7 Critical interventions. . . . . . . . . . . . .20-7
Childbirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-7 Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-7
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First Aid
Chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-7 Visual and auditory deficits. . . . . . . .22-7
Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-7 Primary and Secondary Surveys.22-7
Critical transport decisions. . . . . . . . 20-7
Management and Treatment of Specific
Packaging and rapid transport. . . . . 20-7
Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-8
Abdomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-7
Autonomic dysreflexia. . . . . . . . . . . .22-8
Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-7
Thermoregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-8
Extremities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-7
Osteopenia/osteoporosis . . . . . . . . .22-8
Back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-7
Spasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-9
Normal vital signs . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-8
Pressure sores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-9
Pediatric spinal care . . . . . . . . . . 20-8
Fractures and dislocations . . . . . . . .22-9
Specialized Equipment. . . . . . . . .22-10
Transporting Patients
Snow sports equipment . . . . . . . . . .22-10
Extrication Techniques . . . . . . . .22-11
Transporting the patient . . . . . . . 21-1
Chair Lift Evacuation . . . . . . . . . .22-12
Action prior to moving a patient. 21-1
Special considerations. . . . . . . . .22-13
Lifting techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-2
Manually transporting the patient21-2
Glossary
Human crutch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-2
Fore-and-aft carry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-2
A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-1
Two-handed seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3
B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-4
Three-handed seat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3
Four-handed seat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-4 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-5
Chair carry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-4 D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-9
Drag carry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-5
E.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-10
Transporting a patient 
F.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-11
by toboggan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-5
G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-12
Loading the patient into the toboggan21-5
H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-13
Transfer patient on a backboard from a
I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-14
toboggan to a bed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-6
Transfer from toboggan to car . . . . . 21-6 J.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-15
Transporting a patient by stretcher. . 21-7 K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-15
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-7
L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-15
M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-16
Persons with Disabilities
N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-17
O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-18
Whole person approach . . . . . . . 22-2
P.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-18
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-2
R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-21
Rating the disability. . . . . . . . . . . 22-3
S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-21
Intellectual disabilities. . . . . . . . . 22-3
T.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-24
Physical disabilities. . . . . . . . . . . 22-4
U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-25
Spinal cord injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-4
Cerebral palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-6 V.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-25
Spina bifida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-6 W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-26
Multiple sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-6
X.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23-26
Muscular dystrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-7
Amputees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-7
2015
i - viii
First Aid
i - ix
First Aid
2015
i - x