Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq (Forum on Constructive Capitalism)

273 Pages·2005·1.72 MB·English

by  Francis Fukuyama

Nation-Building
Forum on Constructive Capitalism
Francis Fukuyama, Series Editor
Nation-Building
Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq
• •
Edited by
Francis Fukuyama
The Johns Hopkins University Press
• BALTIMORE •
© 2006 The Johns Hopkins University Press
All rights reserved. Published 2006
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
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The Johns Hopkins University Press
2715 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363
www.press.jhu.edu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nation-building : beyond Afghanistan and Iraq / edited by Francis Fukuyama.
p. cm.
“Product of a conference held at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International
Studies (SAIS), the Johns Hopkins University, in April 2004”—Ack.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8018-8334-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8018-8335-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Nation-building—Congresses. I. Fukuyama, Francis.
JZ6300.N38 2006
327.73′009′0511—dc22 2005019347
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Contents
Acknowledgments vii
List of Abbreviations ix
INTRODUCTION
Nation-Building and the Failure of Institutional Memory 1
Francis Fukuyama
Part I • The Historical Experience of Nation-Building
• CHAPTER 1 •
From Consensus to Crisis: The Postwar Career of Nation-Building
in U.S. Foreign Relations 19
David Ekbladh
• CHAPTER 2 •
Nation-Building in the Heyday of the Classic Development
Ideology: Ford Foundation Experience in the 1950s and 1960s 42
Francis X. Sutton
• CHAPTER 3 •
Building Nations: The American Experience 64
Minxin Pei, Samia Amin, and Seth Garz
• CHAPTER 4 •
Nation-Building: Lessons Learned and Unlearned 86
Michèle A. Flournoy
• v •
• Contents
Part II • Afghanistan
• CHAPTER 5 •
Sovereignty and Legitimacy in Afghan Nation-Building 107
S. Frederick Starr
• CHAPTER 6 •
Rebuilding Afghanistan: Impediments, Lessons, and Prospects 125
Marvin G. Weinbaum
• CHAPTER 7 •
The Lessons of Nation-Building in Afghanistan 145
Larry P. Goodson
Part III • Iraq
• CHAPTER 8 •
What Went Wrong and Right in Iraq 173
Larry Diamond
• CHAPTER 9 •
Striking Out in Baghdad: How Postconflict
Reconstruction Went Awry 196
Johanna Mendelson Forman
• CHAPTER 10 •
Learning the Lessons of Iraq 218
James Dobbins
• CONCLUSION
Guidelines for Future Nation-Builders 231
Francis Fukuyama
Contributors 245
Index 251
• vi •
Acknowledgments
THIS BOOK is the product of a conference held at the Paul H. Nitze
School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), the Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, in April 2004, titled “Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and
Iraq.” This conference was part of the Bernard L. Schwartz Forum on Con-
structive Capitalism, and this book is the first in the Forum on Constructive
Capitalism series. I thank Bernard Schwartz, chairman and CEO of the
Loral Corporation, for his generous support of both the conference and
the forum since the latter’s founding in 2001. The forum is dedicated to
understanding the global economy and the opportunities and dangers as-
sociated with technology and economic development. Clearly, the way
that we think about these issues has shifted dramatically since September
11, 2001, and I appreciate the flexibility with which the forum has been
allowed to address the turns in international events.
Many people contributed to the success of the conference, and com-
ments both official and informal helped shape this book’s chapters. The
Honorable Said Jawad, ambassador of Afghanistan, was kind enough to
serve as the conference’s keynote speaker. Thomas Carothers of the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, Reuel Gerecht of the American En-
terprise Institute, and Kenneth Pollack of the Brookings Institution made
presentations that were not included in this volume. I give special thanks
to Abdulwahab Alkebsi, Ryan Crocker, Amitai Etzioni, Barbara Haig, and
• vii •
• Acknowledgments
Stephen Hosmer for serving as commentators, and to Charles Doran, Tom
Keaney, and Tom Mahnken for their work as panel chairs. Jessica Einhorn,
dean of SAIS, introduced the conference and was, as always, supportive of
the project as a whole.
Conferences of this sort do not happen without a great deal of behind-
the-scenes administrative work. Most of this happened flawlessly, due to
the efforts of my program assistant, Cynthia Doroghazi, who also did a
tremendous amount of work in pulling this volume together. Felisa Klubes
and Katrine Petkova provided great assistance in setting up publicity for
the event. In addition, Björn Dressel, Carlos Hamann, Jikang Kim, Rima
Kohli, Matt Miller, Trita Parsi, and Matt Tocks helped with the running of
the conference. I also thank Henry Tom of the Johns Hopkins University
Press for his help in bringing out this volume.
• viii •
Abbreviations
AIOG Afghan Interagency Operating Group
ARG Afghan Reconstruction Group
CFC-A Combined Forces Command–Afghanistan
CJTF Commander of the joint task force
CPA Coalition Provisional Authority
DDR Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration
FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
IATF Interagency task force
ISAF International Security Assistance Force
IVS International Voluntary Service
KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party
MLAT Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty
MNF Multinational Force
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO Nongovernmental organization
NSC National Security Council
NSP National Solidarity Program
OAS Organization of American States
OEF Operation Enduring Freedom
OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation
ORHA Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance
• ix •