NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 20150010957: Space Biology and Medicine Space Biology and Medicine

361 Pages·183.5 MB·English

by  NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

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Space Biology and Medicine
Joint U.S.lRussian Publication
in Five Volumes
Series edited by
Arnauld E. Nicogossian, Stanley R. Mohler (U.S.)
Oleg G. Gazenko, Anatoliy 1. Grigoryev (Russia)
Co-Editors
United States Russia
v.
L. F. Dietlein V. Antipov
C. L. Huntoon S. A. Bugrov
S. R. Mohler A. M. Genin
J. D. Rummel A. 1. Grigoryev
F. M. Sulzman A. A. Gurjian
M. V. Ivanov
V. A. Kotelnikov
1. D. Pestov
American Institute of Aeronautics Nauka Press
and Astronautics Moscow
Washington, DC
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American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
370 L'Enfant Promenade, SW, Washington, DC 20024-2518
Library of Congress Cata1oging-in-Publication Data
Space biology and medicine / edited by Arnauld E. Nicogossian ... [et
al.].
p. cm.
Simultaneously published in Russian.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. Space and its exploration / editors, J.D. Rummel
and V.A. Kotelnikov, M.V. Ivanov
1. Space medicine. 2. Space biology. I. Nicogossian, Arnauld E.
RC1135.S62 1993 6J6.9'80214--dc20 93-26189
ISBN 1-56347-061-6 (v. 1)
Copyright © 1993 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights in the English language reserved,
except that no copyright is claimed within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States of America for separable contributions
of U.S. Government employee included in this volume. The U.S. Government has a license for Governmental purposes under
the copyright claimed herein. For permjssion to translate from the English or Russian version, contact the NASA Scientific and
Techillcal Information Division or the Russian Academy of Sciences Scientific Publishmg Counsel.
Data and information appearing in thjs book are for informational purposes only. AIAA is not responsible for any injury or damage
resulting from use or reliance, nor does AIAA warrant that use or reliance will be free from privately owned rights.
ISBN 1-56347-061-6
I
J
This series is dedicated to the men and women who have devoted their lives
to the exploration and conquest of space.
Series Preface
The appearance of this work has an entire history behind it. As early as the mid 1960s Hugh L. Dryden and Dr. Anatoliy
Arkadevich Blagonravov signed a number of agreements on collaboration in space research between the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences. One ofthem was an agreement to publish ajoint
scientific work-"Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine"-in both Russian and English.
The material in that book, published in 1975, was based on the results of observations and research that had been conducted
mainly on short-term flights of approximately 50 manned spacecraft carrying more than 70 crew members, and also of dozens
of space flight experiments conducted on dedicated biosatellites or "hitch-hiking" on unmanned spacecraft. The 1975 edition was
generally well received by readers and reviewers, and for some time satisfied the need for information in space biology and
medicine.
However, since that time, human space flight has made extensive use of space shuttle systems and long-term orbital space
stations. New empirical data-the results of numerous, often unique flight and simulation experiments-have accumulated
rapidly. The scope of biological experiments in space has expanded significantly. Thus by the mid 1980s it had become clear
that it was time to summarize and analyze the knowledge we have gleaned in this area.
In 1987 a new intergovernmental agreement, Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful
Purposes, was signed (the first one was signed in 1971). Item 16 of the Addendum to this Agreement stipulated publication of
a new edition of the joint U.S./U.S.S.R. scientific work, "Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine." A joint editorial board
was formed to implement this project within the framework of the U.S./U.S.S.R. Joint Working Group on Space Biology and
Medicine.
After considering the complexity of preparing and publishing a work covering the knowledge and experience acquired by both
countries, the editorial board concluded that given the enormous amount of new material, and the new set of authors who would
be preparing the chapters, the new edition would not simply be an updated version of the 1975 book, but in essence a whole new
work. The goal of this new work would be to provide access for specialists, physicians, biologists, and engineers involved in space
flight planning and management and the general scientific community to concise and systematic information about space biology
and medicine that has accumulated during the last 25-30 years.
The five-volume work will be published in authenticated Russian and English versions. The editors of Volume 1, Space and
Its Exploration, are Dr. J. D. Rummel of the U.S. and Academicians V. A. Kotelnikov and M. V. Ivanov of the Russian Federation.
This volume covers the history of space exploration, the space environment, life in the universe, and spacecraft technology.
Volume II, Life Support and Habitability, has two parts: Part I-The Spacecraft Environment, and Part 2-Life Support
Systems. The editors are Dr. F. M. Sulzman of the U.S. and A. M. Genin of the Russian Federation. This volume addresses major
issues and requirements for safe habitability and work beyond the Earth's atmosphere.
Volume III, Humans in Space Flight, is edited by Dr. C. L. Huntoon of the U.S. and Professor V. V. Antipov and corresponding
member of the Academy of Sciences, A. I. Grigoryev of the Russian Federation. This vol ume has two books, which provide in
depth discussions of physiological adaptation to the space environment.
Volume IV, Crew Health, Performance, and Safety, is edited by Dr. L. F. Dietlein of the U.S. and Professors I. D. Pestov and
S. A. Bugrov of the Russian Federation. This volume presents a concise description of systems and preventive measures necessary
to assure crew health.
Volume V ,Reference Material, is edited by Professor S. R. Mohler of the U.S. and Dr. A. A. Gurjian of the Russian Federation.
This volume includes extensive reference material relevant to the major topics discussed in the previous volumes.
With only a few exceptions, volumes are being written by chapter authors who did not contribute to the 1975 version, and the
editors had to devote considerable effort to ensure the consistent organization of the book as a whole, avoid contradictions, and
link individual chapters. Nevertheless, we are aware that in spite of all our efforts, we have not been able to produce a work that
is homogeneous with respect to consistency of presentation, being written by scientists of two countries.
Thus, this five-volume edition represents another successful completion of a collaborative project between the Russian
Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the area of space biology and medicine.
We hope that this work will be a useful reference to the reader. We would like to officially express our gratitude for the efforts
of the Joint Editorial Board and the many individuals who provided invaluable help in the preparation of this work for publication.
In addition, on behalf of the Joint Editorial Board we wish to express our sincere appreciation to the publication staff.
Arnauld E. Nicogossian, U.S.
Oleg G. Gazenko, R.F.
Editors-in-Chief
Foreword
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Russian Academy of Sciences are once again pleased to introduce
a joint work devoted to "Space Biology and Medicine."
The fIrst such work, "Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine," appeared in both English and Russian versions in 1975
on the eve of the historic fIrst international space mission, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. This classic work provided an exhausti ve
overview of fundamental and applied knowledge in space medicine, biology, exobiology, radiobiology, and environmental
medicine, written by leading experts, and acquired painstakingly by the scientists of both countries over the fIrst 15 years of space
exploration. For many years this edition provided sound reference material to the serious students and specialists involved in the
exploration of the fInal frontier-space.
Since that time, many changes have occurred in space exploration. New discoveries have been made, new spacecraft and
laboratories have been flown. More men and women have flown in space, some for extended periods of time in low Earth orbit.
Robotic spacecraftJanded on Mars, ventured beyond the solar system, and opened windows on worlds never before seen so closely.
Many of the engineering and medical advances in space biology and medicine have found application in the practice of terrestrial
medicine and public health.
The joint U.S. and Russian editorial board, established under the 1987 Agreement between the United States of America and
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes,
has made significant efforts to bring the reader this up-to-date treatise, renamed "Space Biology and Medicine." Significant
revisions and rewrites occurred in the process of reviewing the fIrst treatise. This second edition, in essence, can be considered
a totally new publication.
Daniel S. Goldin Yuriy S. Osipov
Administrator President
U.S. National Aeronautics Russian Academy of
and Space Administration Sciences
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Volume I
Space and Its Exploration
Editors
J. D. Rummel (U.S.) and V. A. Kotelnikov, M. V. Ivanov (Russia)
American Institute of Aeronautics Nauka Press
and Astronautics Moscow
Washington, DC
Acknowledgments for Volume I
In addition to the authors and editors, many people have contributed to the preparation of this volume. The U.S. and Russian
editors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Sergey 1. Aksenov, Lyudmila B. Buravkova, Aleksandr P. Drozshilov,
Tatyana B. Kasatkina, Igor V. Khatuntsev, Sergey O. Nikolayev, Eleonora F. Panchenkova, Aleksandr V. Rodin, Dmitriy V.
Titov, Aleksey A. Vasilyev, and Yuriy 1. Yefremov on the Russian side, and Derek Buzasi, Ronald Dutcher, Kim Ellsworth, Glenn
Ferraro, Karen Gaiser, Elizabeth Hess, Natalie Karakulko, Witalij Karakulko, Paul Makinen, Michael Meyer, Natalie Owen, Carl
Pilcher, Terri Rarnlose, Edward 1. Stone, and Ronald Teeter on the U.S. side. Galina Ya. Tverskaya was an asset to both sides.
The editors would also like to thank the Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Corporation for their assistance with the
preparation of the English manuscripts for publication, and particularly Dr. Lydia R. Stone, who was responsible for translations
for the U.S. side. Marc Shepanek was invaluable in managing the editorial process on the U.S. side.
Finally, the editors would like to thank Dr. Sylvia Fries of NASA for her work on the historical section of this volume, and Dr.
James Oberg for his careful reading and correction of an earlier version of the current section. The final version published here
owes much to their efforts, but the view of history expressed in the final version is that of the authors.
Introduction to Volume I:
Space and Its Exploration
Perhaps one of the greatest gifts that has been given to the and its history has been an eventful one. In the fust part of this
people of the world in the last few hundred years has been an volume, Rauschenbach, Sokolskiy, and Gurjian address the
emerging sense of the place of our planet and its inhabitants "Historical Aspects of Space Exploration" from its begin
within the context of the vast universe. Our knowledge of the nings to a present-day view of the events of the space age.
rest of the universe has not come quickly, nor was the process The nature of space itself and its features is the focus of the
of attaining it only recently begun; however, the unprec second section of the volume. In the fust chapter of the part,
edented acceleration of that process has benefitted from a "Stars and Interstellar Space," the origin and evolution of
fundamental new aspect of our species that has only mani stars, and the nature of the portions of space most distant from
fested itself in the last 30 years or so, the ability to travel in Earth are described by Galeev and Marochnik. In Chapter 2,
space. Pisarenko, Logachev, and Kurt in "The Sun and Interplan
Before the space age, the Universe was studied only etary Space" bring us to the vicinity of our own solar system
through observations from the Earth. All that has changed and provide a description and discussion of the nearest star
with the beginning of the space age. Machines built by hu and its influence on the space environment that our Earth and
mans have flown to all but one of the nine planets that revolve the other planets inhabit.
around our Sun, have ventured billions of miles from the Earth In our solar system there are mlmy fascinating objects,
and looked back, and have landed on three other worlds. remnants of the formation of a rather ordinary star in a rather
Spacecraft in orbit around the Earth have viewed the sky at a obscure portion of the galaxy. Historical accident has caused
vast number of electromagnetic wavelengths, detecting the us to be much more curious (and knowledgeable) about "The
shape of the galaxy and the universe, and even measuring the Inner Planets of the Solar System" than about any of these
remnants of the universe's beginning. Human explorers have other objects. In Chapter 3, Marov describes the planets
ventured forth, first for short stays in orbit, then, later, walking Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, their history and origin, and
upon the Moon and living for long periods in space. As they their environmental conditions, and in Chapter 4 Owen pro
did so, billions of people on the Earth came to view the Earth vides similar information about Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Nep
in a fundamentally different way, not just as the familiar day tune, and Pluto, "The Outer Planets of the Solar System."
to-day backdrop for theirlives, but as a small oasis suspended Morrison provides a thorough discussion of "Asteroids, Com
in the night sky above an alien landscape. ets, and Other Small Bodies" in Chapter 5. The understanding
It is this new view of the Earth that is the true gift of space of these relics of the formation of the solar system may form
exploration. Space exploration has at once given us a new the center of our ability to understand the origin of solar
perspective on the value of our world, and a new perspective systems in general, and of the critical role that the beginning
from which to understand how it operates. It has shown us that of the solar system had on the prospects for the origin of life
the Earth is by far the most precious place in the solar system and its continued survival and evolution in the face of their
in terms of supporting human life, while revealing that other recurrent impacts on Earth.
destinations may still be compelling. The exploration of space In Chapter 6, the first chapter of the third part, Rummel
has at once become a challenge for humanity to overcome and describes the area of "Exobiology," the study of the origin,
a path to our common future. evolution, and distribution of life in the context of the origin
But for humanity to embark on this path, we need to and evolution of the universe. The same processes that have
understand ourselves in a new environment. As such, an given rise to life on Earth may have given rise to life else
understanding of the biological consequences of and opportu where. In Chapter 7, the "Earth and the Biosphere," the nature
nities in space flight is essential. In this, the first volume of a and function of the Earth are discussed as a specific instance
joint u.S./Russian series on space biology and medicine, we of planetary and biological evolution. The effects of biologi
describe the current status of our understanding of space and cal processes on the Earth under the influence of human
present general information that will prove useful when read activities are also addressed by Moore and Bartlett in Chapter
ing subsequent volumes. 7. The fmal chapter in this section concerns the prospects that
Since we are witnesses to the beginning of a new era of life in the universe may be widespread; "SETI," the Search for
interplanetary travel, a significant portion of the first volume Extraterrestrial Intelligence, by Billingham and Tarter, pre
will concentrate on the physical and ecological conditions sents the arguments for conducting a search for evidence of
that exist in near and outer space, as well as heavenly bodies life elsewhere in the galaxy, and describes the various meth
from the smallest ones to the giant planets and stars. ods proposed for conducting such a search.
While space exploration is a comparatively recent endea While SETI has a distinctly explorational character, more
vor, its foundations were laid much more than 30 years ago, direct means are available for exploring the solar system
around us. The fourth part of the volume addresses this of space, and then on using the unique characteristics of the
subject of space exploration. Considering the prospects for space environment to provide insight and greater understand
research on space biology and medicine, the means of provid ing into biological systems, their behavior, development, and
ing "Access to Space" are described by Feoktistov and origin.
Briggs in Chapter 9. This chapter addresses carriers and The chapters of the fust volume were written by leaders in
launch systems, the unmanned and manned spacecraft that their fields from the U.S. and Russia. The material presented
they loft into space, and the task of mission operations by summarizes our current understanding of space and its explo
which these precious vessels are monitored, navigated, and ration. We understand that the fust volume will be of interest
controlled. not only to medical personnel and biologists, but also to
Despite the successes of the past and the capabilities of the general readers who want information about space beyond
present, it is clear that the study of space biology and medicine their own particular fields of expertise.
will be even more rewarding in the future than it has been to
date. The work of the next few years that will be undertaken Mikhail V. Ivanov, Vladimir A. Kotelnikov, and John D.
by the U.S. and Russia, both independently and jointly, will Rummel
focu fust on enabling greater capabilities in the exploration Moscow and Washington