NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 20070003732: Active Thermal Control System Development for Exploration

0.69 MB·English

by  NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Active Thermal Control System Development for Exploration
David Westheimer1
1NASA Johnson Space Center,2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058
281 483 2804,[email protected]
Abstract. All space vehicles or habitats require thermal management to maintain a safe and operational environment for
both crew and hardware. Active Thermal Control Systems (ATCS) perform the functions of acquiring heat from both crew
and hardware within a vehicle, transporting that heat throughout the vehicle, and finally rejecting that energy into space.
Almost all of the energy used in a space vehicle eventually turns into heat, which must be rejected in order to maintain an
energy balance and temperature control of the vehicle. For crewed vehicles, Active Thermal Control Systems are pumped
fluid loops that are made up of components designed to perform these functions. NASA has been actively developing
technologies that will enable future missions or will provide significant improvements over the state of the art technologies.
These technologies have are targeted for application on the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), or Orion, and a Lunar Surface
Access Module (LSAM). The technologies that have been selected and are currently under development include: fluids that
enable single loop ATCS architectures, a gravity insensitive vapor compression cycle heat pump, a sublimator with reduced
sensitivity to feedwater contamination, an evaporative heat sink that can operate in multiple ambient pressure environments, a
compact spray evaporator, and lightweight radiators that take advantage of carbon composites and advanced optical coatings.
m
n
e
o
t
s i
t
y
a

tt
S ii
r bb
ii
o hh
xx
l EE
o l d d
p
nn
r aa
rmal Cont ment for Ex rospace Sciences Meeting rospace Sciences Meeting Reno, NVReno, NVJanuary 8-11, 2007January 8-11, 2007 (presenterDr. GajananaBirur)Dr. GajananaBirur(presenter)ASA Jet Propulsion LaboratoryASA Jet Propulsion [email protected]@jpl.nasa.gov David WestheimerDavid WestheimerNASA Johnson Space CenterNASA Johnson Space [email protected]@nasa.gov
e ee NN
AA

h AA
p
AA
T o AIAI
hh
l t5t5
e e 44
v v
i e
t
c D
A
22
dd ee
ee ddcc
pp eeaa
mm etetrfrfO)O)
uu
) gg
uu
S ee rrSSLL
C llee pp aa ((
T ababarar ), ), n tn tararst st
ttww dd nnoo
A orordd uiui eeeeuupp
ms ( omfomfharhar hiclehicle (liq (liq e be bV), LV), LOutOut
e c ce e veve sese avavEEar ar
t ddclcl e e aa hhCCnn
ys ananehiehi pacpac phph nt nt e (e (LuLu
S e e vv ss -- eell
l blbld d d d lele mmicic a a
o aann ee gg pphhdd
r ttaa atat nn ooeenn
nt suisuiw w n rn r d sid si velveln Vn V, a, a
o a a ee mama ee eeooM)M)
ctive Thermal C trol and maintain trol and maintain ronment for the crronment for the cr as been on every huas been on every hu orically have utilizorically have utiliz loops loops hnologies under dhnologies under dhe Crew Exploratihe Crew Exploratiess Module (LSAess Module (LSA ee main functionsee main functions eat Acquisition eat Acquisition eat Transfer eat Transfer eat Rejectioneat Rejection
A nnvivi HH ststdd cc t tcc rr HH HH HH
CoCoenen (cid:122)(cid:122) HiHiluilui TeTeororAcAc ThTh (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
ff ff
(cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
33
n n
nn
oo
oo
ii
h ii ss
ss , , ulul
c ss rr
eepp
r MiMi ttoo
nn
a eePrPr

e ss CC
tt
mm ee
s hh
JJ
e t ee cc
rree
n tt aa nn
R ss eehh oo
e yy ss t t titi
are pm on Son S n Ren Re, and, and orporaorpora
o ii nnerer CC
w tt ee
l aa llntnt ss ntnt
e rr GGee mm ee
d oo CC ee mm
ar ev xplxpl ter,ter,ht ht SystSyst loplop
H D s Es E CenCenFligFlig ssrandrand p p ace ace DeveDeve
anced and t NASA’t NASA’raterate orations orations on Space on Space ard Space ard Space atoryatory ry Partnerry Partnermilton Sundstmilton Sundst obs-Sverdruobs-Sverdru nstreamnstream aneeringSpaneeringSp agon Space agon Space danzer, Inc.danzer, Inc.
dv porporctocto abab hnshnsddddborbor ustustHaHa JacJac MaiMai OceOce ParPar SunSun
oo dd
A upuprere olloll JoJoGGLaLa InIn (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
ii
SSDD CC (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
(cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
44

,,
tt
rr
oo
pp
pp
uu
ss ss
mm
ee
ff ee p
w liw li ystyst wn oo
on CreCre n sn s s flo uid l to
oo a fl nt ,
i ss titi h o e e
t aa aa t t m ur
i h h erer a n ct
uis suc suc efrigefrig cle th ectly i equire e stru
q eses d rd r ehi dir o r hicl
cc s
c nn v t t e
urur aa s d a e ic v s
A oo , , e e he u on : o al
Heat llect waste heat from sllect waste heat from s avionics, motorsavionics, motors uid cooled coldplat Used on every human rat More efficient to transfer with out heating cabin air More important for CEV ddepressurize the cabin Provide cooling for electr Potential Research Areas Composite coldplates(cid:122) Integrating coldplatesint(cid:122) Thermal interface materi(cid:122)
oo q
CC i (cid:122) (cid:122) (cid:122) (cid:122) (cid:122)
L
(cid:122)
55

,,
tt
rr
oo
pp
pp
uu
ss ss g
mm n
ee i
ff ee ix
w liw li ystyst out m m
n ee ss h o
o CrCr n n wit s fr
oo d
i s s titi er SS ui
it h ah a eraera y n ry oth nd I nt fl
uis sucsuc frigfrig midit ratio rota o an tle a ce x preve
q es es re re hu epa ) or s op t Shut our o mi to
Heat Ac ollect waste heat from sourcollect waste heat from sourc avionics, motors, andavionics, motors, and to liquid heat exchangers Control cabin air temperature and Condensate removal and phase s with either porous material (Apollo separator (Shuttle, ISS) uid to liquid heat exchanger Transfers energy from one fluid lomixing of fluids Internal to external fluid loops on (cid:122) Scrutinized as a potential failure s A single failure could allow fluids t(cid:122) Potential Research Areas: Heat exchangers with two barriers(cid:122)
CC r q
Ai (cid:122) (cid:122) Li (cid:122) (cid:122) (cid:122)
(cid:122) (cid:122)
s s D 66
w r
o Q
o
l at d
l
e ul ui
B
m l
tt F
aa al u
ee t c A
e c V
hh M A E

oo
e te t S) of
rr S s
aa
a e
ww y d I rti
t dd b e
n
or harhar ee ed nia) a prop icle
p on on arar ect mo tle he S) veh ms
ns uisitiuisiti ardwardw conn or Am Shut ges t (IS o the proble
at Tra m heat acqm heat acq rejection hrejection h t includes: o fluid loops hanger op (Freon 21 mulators ( n ISS uid loop chan sconnects ons external t operational
e oo ar wc o u o fl Di ti to
H Transport heat frTransport heat fr ent state of the uttle and ISS use tuid to liquid heat ex Internal water loops External refrigerant l rbine pumps etal bellows acc flon flex hoses Gas permeation intothe fluid VA Fluid Quick Required for connec Complex and prone
u e
h
r q (cid:122) (cid:122) M (cid:122) (cid:122) (cid:122)
r Si T T E
u l
C
(cid:122) (cid:122) (cid:122) (cid:122) (cid:122)
77

rr ee
ee R R rr
s tt aa
ee aa II
d ww BB ss
ll
gg SS dd
i
u nn dd uiui ss
nn aa
l sisi aa r r fl fl lele
F e e ol ol d d dede ferfer hichic
m blbl ccee nn ss ee
aa ntnt glyglyailail u u anan v v
ste en en meme ne ne det det uidsuids at trat tr atedated
y atat opop yleyleoreore w flw fl hehe n rn r
l S ds thds th evelevel proppropor mor m g neg ne able able strystry umauma
tro luilui r Dr D ted ted D) fD) f pinpin vailvailndundu re hre h
mal Con e: Identify fe: Identify fCS designsCS designs ogies Undeogies Unde SC has selecSC has selecs (DowfrostHs (DowfrostHationsations eam is develoeam is develo with JSC with JSC ommercially aommercially avaluation by ivaluation by i ble for all futuble for all futu
her ectivectivp ATp AT hnolhnol ASA JASA Jixtureixturevestigvestig ainstrainstrontractontract ther cther cnder ender e pplicapplica
T bjbjoo cc NNmmnn MMcc OOuu AA
ee ii
OOoo TT (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
ll
(cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
e g 88
nn
ei
r
li
yW
h
s td
E
a
d
nl
C
e
i hr
u We
v
l
l di
S
F e
tn
a
ro
e
m s
n
p
e
i
Gr
e D
s
kol
t
rc
a
s y
p
l
SG
y
S

dd

ol medmedbitebiteh h on on m m in in
hermal Contr nt Activitiesnt Activities aluations have been perforaluations have been perforaqueous DowfrostHD (inhiaqueous DowfrostHD (inhi-glycol) solutions witpyleneglycol) solutions witpylene-pect to the follow:pect to the follow: Low temperature performanceLow temperature performance Compatibility with life support Compatibility with life support equipmentequipment FlammabilityFlammability High temperature decompositiHigh temperature decompositiby-productsby-products Materials compatibilityMaterials compatibility Especially critical for aluminuEspecially critical for aluminu(cid:122)(cid:122)tubing and heat exchangerstubing and heat exchangers Potential for microbial activityPotential for microbial activity ential Research Areasential Research Areas Identify or develop new fluidsIdentify or develop new fluids Methods to minimize corrosionMethods to minimize corrosionsystems with multiple metals systems with multiple metals (aluminum, SS, nickel) and (aluminum, SS, nickel) and propylene glycolpropylene glycol
T ee vvn n ooss (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) otot (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
rree
cc EEoopprr PP
ee
RR (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
(cid:122)(cid:122)
99

ee
tt
nnvv
eeoo tt
ss
ddbb oo

e nnaa pp
ee tt
cl ppnknk OuOu
y dedesisi r r
tt mm aa
n C y iny ineat eat menmen steste LunLun

o p itithh pp sysy y y d d ayay
vv
si m aa a a lolo mp mp avitavit anan r dr d
s u grgrtoto veve uu grgr er er nana
re P ate ate lift lift DeDe at pat p micromicro andand ng Lung Lu
mp eat nstrnstr°C0C0° der der n hen he w to w to ar Lar L duri duri
o oo55 nn oo oo nn ss
C H mmof of UU ssissi tyty n ln l LuLu entent
Vapor ective: Deective: Deormance ormance K K hnologies hnologies apor compreapor compre 15 kW capaci15 kW capaci COP ~3.0COP ~3.0 Can operate iCan operate ienvironmentsenvironments pplicable to pplicable to Hot environmHot environm
bjbjrfrf00 cc VV (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122) AA (cid:122)(cid:122)
ee00 ee
OOpp33 TT (cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)
(cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:122)(cid:122)