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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 20010022792: Mapping Rice Production in China with AVHRR Imagery PDF

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o FINAL REPORT MAPPING RICE PRODUCTION IN CHINA WITH AVHRR IMAGERY PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: WILLIAM EMERY NAG 5-3847 i ! ! i i This thesis entitled: Coupling AVHRR Imagery with Biogeochemical Models of Methane Emission from Rice Crops written by Eleni. J. Paliouras has been approved for the Department of Aerospace Engineering Science Dr. William Emery Dr. James Maslanik Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. , 7 ,., 111 Paliouras, Eleni. J. (Ph.D., Aerospace Engineering Science) Coupling AVHRR Imagery with Biogeochemical Models of Methane Emission from Rice Crops Thesis directed by Dr. William Emery Rice is a staple food source for much of the world and most of it is grown in paddies which remain flooded for a large part of the growing season. This anaerobic environment is ideal for the activities of methanogenic bacteria, that are responsible for the production of methane gas, some of which is released into the atmosphere. In order to better understand the role that rice cropping plays in the levels of atmospheric methane, several models have been developed to predict the methane flux from the paddies. These models generally utilize some type of nominal plant growth curve based on one or two pieces of ground truth data. Ideally, satellite data could be used instead to provide these models with an estimate of biomass change over the growing season, eliminating the need for related ground truth. A technique proposed to accomplish this is presented here, and results that demonstrate its success when applied to rice cropping areas of Texas are discussed. Also presented is a method for utilizing satellite data to map rice cropping areas that could eventually aid in a scheme for populating a GIS-type database with information on exact rice cropping areas. Such a database could then be directly tied to the methane emission models to obtain flux estimates for extensive regional areas. Dedication Tomy family, whoseloveandsupporthasalwayssustainedme. Acknowledgements I would first,like to thank Dr. William Emery and to expressmy deepest appreciationfor the financialsupport andhis moral support of me through this processof tremendouslearning. Without his encouragement,this project would havelikely had a much different outcome. Thanks also go to the rest of my .= Committee members who have always Been willing to meet with me to talk about my research and life in general. Sincere thanks go also to the folks at NASA- Goddard who were responsible for funding this project. The list of people who provided help, data, advice, and guidance to me through the years of working on this project is extensive, and I hope that I do not neglect to mention anyone. I first thank Dr. Yao Huang and Dr. Peter van Bodegom for providing their models to me and for patiently answering all of my questions, big and small. Thanks to Dr. Guowei Wu and Dr. Ted Wilson of TAMU for providing the rice biomass data, and to Dr. Ron Sass of Rice University for the methane flux data. Thanks also to Dr. Anna McChmg, Jaynen Cockrell, and Dr. James Stansel of the Texas A&M Beaumont Research Station for their help in collecting data and for their willingness to help me with other information needed in my research. Thanks to Mike Shoppa, Randy Epps, and Larry Harbers of the Lakeside Water Division of L_RA for their willingness to provide maps of rice cropping areas and for allowing me to ride along with a water boss to see the crops first-hand. Thanks to Dr. Sam Feagley and Dr. Tom Hallmark of TAMU for vi soilsinformation, andto Dr. Melba.CrawfordandSolarSmith of the University ofTexasfor AVHRR data. Deepestappreciation to Dr. Chuck Fowlerfor everything he hasdone to help meovertheyearsandto DanBaldwin for_riting andmaintaining the code usedto processall of the AVHRR data, andfor answeringzillions of questions about it all. Thanksto Scott Bacomsfor beinga goodandfaithful help to mein writing scripts to doeverything. Thanksto my fellow classmatesfor helping me through the non-thesisportion of my degree(andlife in general)through their humor,andtheir willingnessto talk andlisten. Finally,although! will neverbeableexpressthereallevelofmyappreciation for the loveandsupport hehasshownfor me,my warmestthanksto Christoph... dankeschatz. vii Contents Chapter 1 Introduction andBackground 1 1.1 AtmosphericMethane ........................ 2 1.2 RicePaddiesasaSourceof Methane ................ 4 1.3 Modeling MethaneEmissionfrom RicePaddies .......... 6 1.4 ResearchGoalsandObjectives.................... 7 2 RemoteSensingandthe AVHRR Sensor 9 2.1 Introduction .............................. 9 2.2 RemoteSensingofVegetation .................... 10 2.3 VegetationIndices .......................... 11 2.4 Application of AVHRR to theStudy ofRice ............ 13 2.4.1 Tile A\rHRR Sensor ..................... 13 2.4.2 ProcessingofAVHRR hnagery ............... 15 2.4.3 NDVI Time Series ...................... 17 3 Estimation of RiceBiomassUsingAVHRR 20 3.1 Introduction .............................. 20 3.2 RicePlant GroundTruth Sources.................. 20 3.3 Derived Biomass Estimates ...................... 21

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