NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 19920017840: LDEF: 69 Months in Space. First Post-Retrieval Symposium, part 3

486 Pages·30.2 MB·English

by  NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

NASA Conference Publication 31 34
Part 3
LDEF
69 Months
m apace
First
Post-Retrieval
Symposium
Proceedings ofa rymposiuh held in
Kissim mee, Florida
June 2-8, 19 91
-/ O RBGINAC PAGE
BUCK AND WHlTE PHOTOGRAPH
(WASA-CP-3134-Pt-3> LDEF: 69 MONTHS I& N92-27083
SPACE, FIRST POST-RETRIEVAL SYNPBSPUN, PART --THWU--
3 1PJ45Al 485 p 62%3\ 91.Y M92-27129
14ncl625
H1/98 0089103
NASA Conference Publication 3134
Part3
LDEF
69 Months
in Space
First
Post-Retrieval
Symposium
Edited by
Arlene S. Levine
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia
Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the
National Aeronautics and Space Adm inistration,
Washington, D.C., and held in
Kissimmee, Florida
June 2-8, 1991
N_
"7._L8RILLUSTRATIONS
NationalAeronauticsand
SpaceAdministration
OfficeofManagement
ScientificandTechnical
InformationProgram
1991
Foreword
On July 20, 1989, President George Bush charted a new course for human exploration of
space:
"... a long-range continuing commitment. First, for the coming decade --
for the 1990's -- Space Station Freedom, our next critical step in all our
space endeavors. And for the next century, back to the moon, back to the
future, and this time, back to stay; then a journey into tomorrow, a journey
to another planet -- a manned mission to Mars. Each mission should and
will lay the groundwork for the next."
The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) is providing critical technology for future
spacecraft, including Space Station Freedom, and thus plays a major role in the
President's vision of human exploration of space.
LDEF was carried into orbit in April 1984 by the Space Shuttle Challenger. The 11-ton
satellite contained 57 experiments to assess the effects of the space environment, i.e.,
ionizing radiation, meteoroids, cosmic dust, and high altitude atomic oxygen on materials
and mechanical, electronic, optical, and living systems. In January 1990, after 69 months
in low Earth orbit, LDEF was retrieved by the Space Shuttle Columbia and returned to
Earth. The retrieval occurred 57 months after it was originally planned, due in part to
the Challenger tragedy. The 69 months in space provided experimenters the unique
opportunity to sample and measure the space environment over a longer time period than
originally planned.
The 57 LDEF experiments were returned to the Principal Investigators and their science
teams for analyses and interpretation. In June 1991, over 400 LDEF researchers and
data users met in Kissimmee, Florida for the First LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium.
The papers presented contained important new information about space environments and
their impact on materials, systems, and biology. This publication contains the material
presented at the symposium, categorized by subject:
LDEF Mission and Induced Environments
Space Environments - Ionizing Radiation
Space Environments - Meteoroid and Debris
Space Environmental Effects - Materials
Space Environmental Effects - Systems
Space Environmental Effects - Biology
Space Environmental Effects - Microgravity
The Future
During the symposium Sally A. Little, NASA Headquarters, chaired the LDEF
Mission and Induced Environments session; William L. Quaide, NASA Heaquarters,
.1°.11
PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED
chaired the Space Environments - Meteoroid and Debris session; Thomas W.
Crooker, NASA Headquarters, and Bland A. Stein, NASA Langley Research Center, co-
chaired the Space Environmental Effects - Materials session; Judith H. Ambrus,
NASA Headquarters, and P. Rex Miller, W.J. Schaefer and Associates co-chaired the
Space Env|ronmental Effects - Systems session; and James L. Jones, NASA
Langley Research Center chaired the session called Others.
Some presentations in these documents underwent a title change; others were combined
with two or three presentations; two were not presented orally. However, all oral
presentations are represented in written form. Where full-length papers were
unavailable, the abstracts have been reprinted. All papers were reviewed for technical
content as well as form.
We wish to thank the contributors, as well as the reviewers of these papers. We also wish
to thank Dr. William H. Kinard, without whose vision and persistence, there would not be
an LDEF project or the valuable data it has collected.
The LDEF Science Office plans to organize and conduct two additional symposia, one in
San Diego in June 1992 and another in 1993. The proceedings from these two symposia
will be published as NASA Conference Publications.
We believe that the LDEF data reported in this three-part document will make important
contributions to charting the new course for the exploration of space.
Use of manufacturers' trade names in this publication does not constitute an official endorsement of
such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
Arlene S. Levine
LDEF Science Office
NASA Langley Research Center
iv
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................ iii
* PART 1
LDEF MISSION AND INDUCED ENVIRONMENTS
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY--A GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................. 3
Robert L. O'Neal and E. Burton Lightner
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY (LDEF) SPACE ENVIRONMENTS OVERVIEW .............. 49
William H. Kinard and Glenna D. Martin
PINHOLE CAMERAS AS SENSORS FOR ATOMIC OXYGEN IN ORBIT;
APPLICATION TO ATTITUDE DETERMINATION OF THE LDEF .................................................. 61
Palmer N. Peters and John C. Gregory
USE OF THE LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY'S THERMAL MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM FOR THE VERIFICATION OF THERMAL MODELS ...................................................... 69
William M. Berrios
MEASURED SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS TO LDEF DURING RETRIEVAL ..................... 85
Carl R. Maag and W. Kelly Linder
PARTICLE TYPES AND SOURCES ASSOCIATED WITH LDEF ................................................... 101
E. R. Crutcher and W. W. Wascher
MIGRATION AND GENERATION OF CONTAMINANTS FROM LAUNCH THROUGH .................. 121
RECOVERY: LDEF CASE HISTORY
E. R. Crutcher, L. S. Nishimura, K. J. Warner and W. W. Wascher
QUANTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS ASSOCIATED WITH LDEF .......................................... 141
E. R. Crutcher, L. S. Nishimura, K. J. Warner and W. W. Wascher
MOLECULAR FILMS ASSOCIATED WITH LDEF ....................................................................... 155
E. R. Crutcher and K. J. Warner
ORGANIC CONTAMINATION OF LDEF ............................................................................. ....... 179
Gale A. Harvey
SPACE ENVIRONMENTS - IONIZING RADIATION
SUMMARY OF IONIZING RADIATION ANALYSIS ON THE LONG DURATION
EXPOSURE FACILITY ............................................................................................................. 199
T.A. Parnell
PREDICTION OF LDEF IONIZING RADIATION ENVIRONMENT ................................................. 213
John W. Watts, T. A. Parnell, James H. Derrickson, T. W. Armstrong
and E. V. Benton,
GAMMA RADIATION SURVEY OF THE LDEF SPACECRAFT .................................................... 225
G. W. Phillips, S. E. King, R. A. August, J. C. Ritter, J. H. Cutchin, P. S. Haskins,
J. E. McKisson, D. W. Ely, A. G. Weisenberger, R. B. Piercey and T. Dybler
*Part 1ispresented under separate cover.
THEINTERACTIONOSFATMOSPHERCICOSMOGENRICADIONUCLIDEWSITH
SPACECRAFTSURFACES..........................................................................................2..3..7.........
J.C.GregoryG,.J.FishmanB,.A.HarmoanndT.A.Parnell
SURFACEACTIVATIONOFCONCORDEBY7BE..........................................................2..4..9........
P.R.TruscotCt,.S.DyerandJ.C.Flatman
CHARGEDPARTICLAECTIVATIONSTUDIEOSNTHESURFACOEFLDEF
SPACECRAF..I."...........................................................................................................2..5..5.......
IlhanOlmezF,orresBturnsandPauLl.Sagalyn
RADIOACTIVITIEOSFLONGDURATIONEXPOSURFEACILITY(LDEFM) ATERIALS:
BAGGAGAENDBONANZA.S..........................................................................................2..5..7.....
AlanR.SmithandDonnaL.Hurley
MEASUREMENOTSFINDUCEDRADIOACTIVITIYNSOMELDEFSAMPLES..........................2.71
C.E.MossandR.C.Reedy
GAMMA-RAYSPECTROMETORFYLDEFSAMPLEASTSRL..............................................2..8..7
WillardG.Winn
INDUCEDRADIOACTIVITIYNLDEFCOMPONENT...S........................................................3..0..1.
B.A.HarmonG,.J.FishmanT,.A.ParneallndC.E.Laird
THERMOLUMINESCEDNOTSIMETRFYORLDEFEXPERIMENMT0006.................................3..13
J.Y.ChangD,.GianganTo.,KantorcikM,.Staubear,ndL.Snead
RADIATIONEXPOSUROEFLDEF:INITIALRESULTS........................................................3..2..5.
E.V.BentonA,.L.FrankE,.R.BentonI.,CsigeT,.A.ParneallndJ.W.WattsJ,r.
CHARGEDPARTICLLEET-SPECTRMAEASUREMENATBSOARDLDEF................................3..39
I.Csige,E.V.BentonA,.L.FrankL,.A.FrigoE, .R.BentonT,.A.Parneallnd
J.W.WattsJ,r.
IONIZINGRADIATIONCALCULATIONASNDCOMPARISOWNSITHLDEFDATA ...................3.47
T.W.ArmstrongB,.L.ColbornandJ.W.WattsJ,r.
LDEFGEOMETRY/MAMSSODELFORRADIATIONANALYSES...........................................3..6..1
B.L.ColbornandT.W.Armstrong
THELDEFULTRAHEAVYCOSMICRAYEXPERIMEN.T...............................................3..6..7.......
D.O'SullivanA,.ThompsoJn.,BoschR,.KeeganK,.-P.WenzeAl,.Smitand
C.Domingo
PRELIMINARRYESULTFSROMTHEHEAVYIONSINSPACEEXPERIMEN.T.........................3.77
JameHs.AdamsJ,r.,LorrainPe.BeahmandAllanJ.Tylka
HEAVYIONMEASUREMENOTNLDEF............................................................................3..9..3....
R.BeaujeaDn,.JonathaanldW.Enge
SPACE ENVIRONMENTS - METEOROID AND DEBRIS
LARGE CRATERS ON THE METEOROID AND SPACE DEBRIS
IMPACT EXPERIMENT ........................................................................................................... 399
Donald H. Humes
vi
STUDYOFCOSMIC
DUST PARTICLES ON BOARD LDEF: THE FRECOPA
EXPERIMENTS AO138-1 AND AO138-2 ..................................................................................... 419
J. C. Mandeville and Janet Borg
METEOROID/SPACE DEBRIS IMPACTS ON MSFC LDEF EXPERIMENTS .................................. 435
Miria Finckenor
HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT MICROFOIL PERFORATIONS IN THE LEO SPACE ENVIRONMENT
(LDEF, MAP AO023 EXPERIMENT) .......................................................................................... 443
J. A. M. McDonnell and T. J. Stevenson
METEOROID AND DEBRIS SPECIAL INVESTIGATION GROUP DATA
ACQUISITION PROCEDURES ................................................................................................... 459
Thomas H. See, Martha K. Allbrooks, Dale R. Atkinson, Clyde A. Sapp,
Charles G. Simon, and Mike E. Zolensky
METEOROID AND DEBRIS SPECIAL INVESTIGATION GROUP PRELIMINARY
RESULTS: SIZE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND SPATIAL DENSITY OF LARGE
IMPACT FEATURES ON LDEF ................................................................................................. 477
Thomas H. See, Friedrich HOrz, Michael E. Zolensky, Martha K. Allbrooks,
Dale R. Atkinson and Charles G. Simon
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF LDEF INSTRUMENT AO187-1
"CHEMISTRY OF MICROMETEOROIDS EXPERIMENT" ............................................................ 487
Friedrich HOrz, Ronald P. Bernhard, Jack Warren, Thomas H. See,
Donald E. Brownlee, Mark R. Laurance, Scott Messenger and Robert B. Peterson
SIMS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTENDED IMPACT FEATURES FROM THE
TRAILING EDGE PORTION OF EXPERIMENT AO187-2 .............................................................. 503
Sachiko Amari, John Foote, Charles Simon, Pat Swan, Robert M. Walker, Ernst Zinner,
Elmar K. Jessberger, Gundolf Lange and Frank Stadermann
IDE SPATIO-TEMPORAL IMPACT FLUXES AND HIGH TIME-RESOLUTION STUDIES OF
MULTI-IMPACT EVENTS AND LONG-LIVED DEBRIS CLOUDS ................................................. 517
J. Derral Mulholland, S. Fred Singer, John P. Oliver, Jerry L. Weinberg, William J.
Cooke, Nancy L. Montague, Jim J. Wortman, Philip C. Kassel and William H. Kinard
ION MICROPROBE ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF IMPACT FEATURES ON
INTERPLANETARY DUST EXPERIMENT SENSOR SURFACES ................................................. 529
Charles G. Simon, Jerry L. Hunter, Jim J. Wortman and Dieter P. Griffis
LDEF IMPACT CRATERS FORMED BY CARBON-RICH IMPACTORS:
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ....................................................................................................... 549
T. E. Bunch, F. Radicati di Brozolo, Ronald H. Fleming, David W. Harris,
Don Brownlee and Terrence W. Reilly
DYNAMIC (COMPUTER) MODELLING OF THE PARTICULATE ENVIRONMENT:
TRANSFORMATIONS FROM THE LDEF REFERENCE FRAME TO DECODE GEOCENTRIC AND
INTERPLANETARY POPULATIONS .......................................................................................... 565
J. A. M. McDonnell and K. Sullivan
LDEF DATA CORRELATION TO EXISTING NASA DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT MODELS ................ 567
Dale R. Atkinson, Martha K. Allbrooks and Alan J. Watts
DERIVING THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF METEOROIDS FROM THE MEASURED
METEOROID IMPACT DIRECTIONALITY ON THE VARIOUS LDEF SURFACES ......................... 569
Herbert A. Zook
vii
MANDDSIGPROGRESRSEPORTL:ABORATORSYIMULATIONOSF
LDEFIMPACTFEATURES.........................................................................................5..8..1..........
FriedricHhOrzR, .P.BernharTd.,H.SeeD,.Atkinsoannd
M. Allbrook_
PRELIMINARMYICROMETEOROAINDDDEBRISEFFECTOSNLDEF
THERMAL
CONTROL SURFACES ............................................................................................................. 583
Martha K. Allbrooks, Dale R. Atkinson, Thomas See and Fred H6rz
THE INTERSTELLAR GAS EXPERIMENT ................................................................................. 585
D. L. Lind, J. Geiss, F. Biihler and O. Eugster
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS ..................................................................................................... 595
AUTHOR INDEX .................................................................................................................. _5
* PART 2
SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS - MATERIALS
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF THE LDEF MATERIALS SPECIAL INVESTIGATION
GROUP ................................................................................................................................... 617
Bland A. Stein and H. Gary Pippin
ATOMIC OXYGEN AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION MISSION TOTAL EXPOSURES
FOR LDEF EXPERIMENTS ....................................................................................................... 643
R. J. Bourassa, J. R. Gillis and K. W. Rousslang
EFFECTS OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT ON STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ...................................... 663
C. Miglionico, C. Stein, R. Roybal, R. Robertson, L.E. Muff, S. Quinones,
J. Rivas, B. Marquez, A.H. Advani, W.W. Fisher and R. Arrowood
MEASUREMENT OF THE 018 TO 016 ISOTOPE RATIO FOR CHARACTERIZING OXIDE
SURFACE LAYERS ON LDEF SAMPLES .................................................................................. 679
Paul L. Sagalyn
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED LDEF POLYMERIC MATERIALS ................. 687
Philip R. Young and Wayne S. Slemp
CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER FILMS RETRIEVED FROM LDEF ..................................... 705
Alan Letton, Neil I. Rock, Kevin D. Williams, Thomas W. Strganac and Allan Farrow
MEASUREMENTS OF EROSION CHARACTERISTICS FOR METAL AND POLYMER
SURFACES USING PROFILOMETRY ........................................................................................ 723
Ligia C. Christi, John C. Gregory and Palmer N. Peters
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY (LDEF) PRELIMINARY FINDINGS:
LEO SPACE EFFECTS ON THE SPACE PLASMA - VOLTAGE DRAINAGE EXPERIMENT ............ 737
Brian K. Blakkolb, James Y. Yaung, Kelly A. Henderson, William W. Taylor
and Lorraine E. Ryan
INTERACTIONS OF ATOMIC OXYGEN WITH MATERIAL SURFACES IN LOW EARTH
ORBIT: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENT AO114 ................................................ 753
J. C. Gregory, L. Christi, G. N. Raikar, J. J. Weimer, R. Wiser
and P. N. Peters
EFFECTS ON LDEF EXPOSED COPPER FILM AND BULK ......................................................... 755
Palmer N. Peters, John C. Gregory, Ligia C. Christi and Ganesh N. Raikar
*Part2is presented under separate cover.
viii
LDEFEXPERIMENATO034A: TOMICOXYGENSTIMULATEODUTGASSIN.G.........................7.63
RogeCr.Linton,RacheRl.KamenetzkJyo,hnM.ReynoldasndCharleLs.Bums
ATOMICOXYGENUNDERCUTFINOGFLDEFALUMINIZED-KAPTMOUNLTILAYER
INSULATIO.N...............................................................................................................7..8..1.......
KimK.deGroahndBruceA.Banks
PRELIMINARRYESULTFSORLDEF/HEPTPHERMALCONTROSLAMPLES...........................7.97
LonnyKauder
ATOMICOXYGENINTERACTIONWSITHFEPTEFLONANDSILICONEOSNLDEF..................8. 01
BruceA.BanksJ,oyceA.DeverL,indaGebauaenrdCaroMl .Hill
VACUUMULTRAVIOLE(TVUV)RADIATION-INDUCEDDEGRADATIOONF
FLUORINATEEDTHYLENPEROPYLEN(FEEPT)EFLONABOARDTHELONG
DURATIONEXPOSUREFACILITY(LDEF) ..................................................................8..1..7..........
DavidE.BrinzaA,.E.StiegmaPn,auRl .StaszaEk,ricG.LaueandRantyH.Liang
SPACEENVIRONMENTAELFFECTOSNSILVERETDEFLONTHERMALCONTROL
SURFACE.S.................................................................................................................8..3..1.......
C.S.HemmingeWr,.K.StuckeayndJ.C.Uht
RESULTOSFEXAMINATIOONFSILVERETDEFLONFROMTHELONGDURATION
EXPOSURFEACILITY...................................................................................................8..4..7......
KenRousslanRgu,ssCrutchearndGaryPippin
SILVERTEFLONBLANKETL:DEFTRAYC-08..................................................................8..6..1...
E.R.CrutcheLr,.S.NishimurKa,.J.WarnearndW.W.Wascher
PRELIMINARIYNVESTIGATIONINSTOUHCRETHERMACLONTROMLATERIALS.................875
FrancoLisevadouM,ikeFroggaMtt,artinRottandEberharSdchneider
INITIAL MATERIALS EVALUATION OF THE THERMAL CONTROL SURFACES
EXPERIMENT (S0069) .............................................................................................................. 899
Donald R. Wilkes, M. John Brown, Leigh L. Hummer and James M. Zwiener
UNUSUAL MATERIALS EFFECTS OBSERVED ON THE THERMAL CONTROL
SURFACES EXPERIMENT (S0069) ............................................................................................ 919
James M. Zwiener, Kenneth A. Herren, Donald R. Wilkes, Leigh Hummer and
Edgar R. Miller
EFFECTS OF LOW EARTH ORBIT ENVIRONMENT ON THE LONG DURATION
EXPOSURE FACILITY THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS .......................................................... 935
Thomas R. Sampair and William M. Berrios
SPACECRAFF THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS ...................................................................... 945
Jean-Claude Guillaumon and Alain Paillous
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY EXPERIMENT M0003-5 THERMAL CONTROL
MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................ 961
Charles J. Hurley
RESULTS OF EXAMINATION OF THE A276 WHITE AND Z306 BLACK THERMAL
CONTROL PAINT DISKS FLOWN ON LDEF .............................................................................. 975
Johnny L. Golden
ION BEAM TEXTURED AND COATED SURFACES EXPERIMENT (IBEX) ................................... 989
Michael J.Mirtich, Sharon K. Rutledge, Nicholas Stevens, Raymond Olle and
James Merrow
ix
ELLIPSOMETRIC STUDY OF OXIDE FILMS FORMED ON LDEF METAL SAMPLES ................. 1005
W. Franzen, J. S. Brodkin, L. C. Sengupta and P. L. Sagalyn
SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE INTEGRITY OF CHROMIC ACID
ANODIZED COATINGS .......................................................................................................... 1023
Walter L. Plagemann
M0003-10: LDEF ADVANCED COMPOSITES EXPERIMENT .................................................... 1041
Gary L. Steckel and Tuyen D. Le
LDEF - SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON MATERIALS: COMPOSITES AND
SILICONE COATINGS ............................................................................................................ 1055
Brian C. Petrie
PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE LDEF/UTIAS COMPOSITE MATERIALS
EXPERIMENT ........................................................................................................................ 1057
R. C. Tennyson, G. E. Mabson, W. D. Morison and J. Kleiman
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY EXPERIMENT M0003 DEINTEGRATION/
FINDINGS AND IMPACTS ...................................................................................................... 1073
M. J. Meshishnek, S. R. Gyetvay, and C. H. Jaggers
SURVEY OF RESULTS FROM THE BOEING MODULES ON THE M0003 EXPERIMENT
ON LDEF ............................................................................................................................... 1109
H. G. Pippin, Owen Mulkey, Juris Verzemnieks, Emmett Miller, Syivester Hill
and Harry Dursch
RESULTS FROM ANALYSIS OF BOEING COMPOSITE SPECIMENS FLOWN ON LDEF
EXPERIMENT M0003 ............................................................................................................. 1115
Pete E. George and Sylvester G. ttill
HIGH-TOUGHNESS GRAPHITE/EPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIAL EXPERIMENT ....................... 1143
David K. Felbeck
EFFECTS OF LDEF FLIGHT EXPOSURE ON SELECTED POLYMER MATRIX RESIN
COMPOSITE MATERIALS ...................................................................................................... 1149
Wayne S. Slemp, Philip R. Young, William G. Witte, Jr. and James Y. Shen
EFFECT OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND THERMAL
COATINGS (AO138-9) ............................................................................................................. 1163
Michel Parcelier and Jean Pierre Assi6
EFFECT OF SPACE EXPOSURE OF SOME EPOXY MATRIX COMPOSITES ON THEIR
THERMAL EXPANSION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (AO138-8) ...................................... 1175
Heinrich Jabs
MECItANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICATE GLASSES EXPOSED TO A LOW-EARTH
ORBIT ................................................................................................................................... 1187
David E. Wiedlocher, Dennis S. Tucker, Ron Nichols and Donald L. Kinser
PATTERNS OF DISCOLORATION AND OXIDATION BY DIRECT AND SCATTERED
FLUXES ON LDEF, INCLUDING OXYGEN ON SILICON ........................................................... 1189
A. R. Frederickson, R. C. Filz, F. J. Rich and P. Sagalyn
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS .................................................................................................. 1201
AUTHOR INDEX ................................................................................................................ 1205