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9[!jortgtnal 9lmertca NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA EDITED By JUSTIN WINSOR LIBRAR.IAN OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY CORRESPONDING SECRETARY MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY Vol. I BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY Wl^ Hit3er0iDe pre00, CambriDge Copyright. 1889, By HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY. Allrights reserved. ElectTrhoetyRpievderasniddePrPirnetsesd,bCyamHb.riO,dgHeo,uMgahsts.o,nU&.CSo.mAp.any. 'ImIMiMmO v-t V^ To bHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT, LL. D. President of Harvard University. JDbAI^ ElIOT: Fortyyears ago,you andI, having madepreparation together, enteredcollege 071 the same day. We laterfounddifferentspheres in the world; andyou came back to Cambridge in due time to assume yourhigh office. Twelve years ago, soughtbyyou, Ilikewisecame, to discharge a duty underyou. You took me awayfrom many cares, and transferred me to the more con- genial service of the University. The change has conducedto theprogress of thosestudies in which Ihardly remember to have hada lack ofinterest. So Iowe much toyou; anditis not, Itrust, surprising thatIdesire to con- nect, in this work^yourname with thatofyour Obligedfriend, }uAtM/k(di/^ Cambridge, 1889. 99693 CONTENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. [TAecutonthetitlerepresentsamask,whichformsthecentreoftheMexicanCalendarStone,asengraved inD. Wilson's Prehistoric Man,i.333,fromacastnowintheCollectionoftheSocietyofAntiquaries ofScotland^ INTRODUCTION. Part I. Americana in Librariesand Bibliographies. TheEditor i Illustrations: Portrait of Professor Ebeling, iii; of James Carson Brevoort, x; of Charles Deane,xi. y Part II. Early Descriptions ofAmerica, and CollectiveAccounts oftheEarly Voyages thereto. TheEditor . xix Illustrations: Titleof the Newe UnbekantheLandte,xxi; ofPeter Martyr'sDeNuper subD. Carolo refertis insitlis (1521), xxii; Portrait of Grynaeus, xxiv; of Sebastian Miinster,xxvi,xxvii; ofMonardes,xxix; ofDeBry,xxx; of Feyerabend,xxxL CHAPTER I. The Geographical Knowledge of the Ancients considered in Relation tothe Discovery of America. William H. Tillinghast i Illustrations: Maps by Macrobius, 10, ix, 12; Carli's Traces ofAtlantis, 17; Sanson's AtlantisInsula, 18; BorydeSt.Vincent's CarteConjecturaledePAtlantide, 19; Con- tourChartoftheBottomoftheAtlantic Ocean, 20; The RectangularEarth,30. Critical Essay 33 Notes 38 A. The Form of the Earth, 38; B. Homer's Geography, 39j C. Supposed References to America,40; D. Atlantis,41; E. FabulousJslandsof theAtlanticintheMiddleAges, 46; F. Toscanelli's Atlantic Ocean, 51. G. {By the Editor) Early Mapsof theAt- lanticOcean, 53, Illustrations: Mapof the Fifteenth Century, 53; Map of Fr. Pizigani(a.d. 1367),and of Andreas Bianco (1436), 54; Catalan Map (1375), 55; Map of Andreas Benincasa (1476), 56; LaonGlobe, 56; Mapsof Bordone(1547),57,58; Map madeatthe End of the FifteenthCentury,57; Ortelius'sAtlanticOcean(1587),58. CHAPTER II. Pre-Columbian Explorations. Justin Winsor . . , 59 Illustrations: Norse Ship, 62; Plan of a Viking Ship, and her Rowlock, 63; Norse BoatusedasaHabitation,64; NormanShipfromtheBayeuxTapestry,64;Scandinavian ; CONTENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. viii Flags, 64; ScandinavianWeapons, 65; Runes, 66, 67; Fac-simile of the Title of the Zeno Narrative, 70; Its Section on Frisland,71J Ship of the Fifteenth Century, y^; TheSeaof Darkness,74. Critical Notes 76 A. EarlyConnectionof Asiatic Peopleswith theWesternCoastof America,76; B. Ireland theGreat,orWhite Man'sLand,82; C. TheNorseinIceland,8^;D.Greenlandand its Ruins, 85; E. The Vinland Voyages, 87', F. The Lost Greenland Colonies, 107; G. Madoc and theWelsh, 109; H. TheZeniandtheir Map, iii; I. AllegedJewishMigra- tion, 115; J. PossibleEarlyAfrican Migrations, 116. Illustrations: Behring's Sea and Adjacent Waters, 77; Buache's Map of the North Pacific and Fusang, 79; Ruins of the Church at Kakortok, 86; Fac-simile of a Saga Manuscript andAutograph of C.C. Rafn,87; Ruin at Kakortok,88; Mapof Juliane- haab,89; Portrait of Rafn,90; Title-pageof Historia VinlandiceAntiqucBper Thor- modum Tor/ceum,91 ; Rafn's MapofNorseAmerica,95; Rafn's MapofVinland(New England),100;Viewof Dighton Rock, loi;CopiesofitsInscription, 103; HenrikRink, 106; Fac-simileof the Title-pageof HansEgede's Dei gamle Gronlands nyePerlus- tration, 108; A British Shipof the Timeof Edward I, no; Richard H. Major, 112; Baron Nordenskjold, 113. The Cartography of Greenland. TheEditor 117 Illustrations: TheMapsof ClaudiusClavus(1427), 118,119; of Fra Mauro(1459), 120; TabulaRegionumSeptentrionalium(i467),121; MapofDonis (1482), 122; of Henricus Martellus (1489-90), 122; of Olaus Magnus (1539), 123 ; (1555), 124; (1567), 125; of Bordone (1547),126; The Zeno Map, 127;asaltered inthePtolemyof 1561, 128; The Mapof PhillipusGallaeus (1585), 129; of SigurdStephanus(1570), 130;TheGreenland of PaulEgede, 131 ; of Isaacdela Peyrere (1647), 132. CHAPTER III. Mexico and Central America. Justin Winsor 133 Illustrations: Clavigero's Planof Mexico, 143; his Mapof Anahuac, 144;Environs du LacdeMexique, 145; Brasseurde Bourbourg's Mapof CentralAmerica, 151. Critical Essay 153 Illustrations: Manuscript of Bernal Diaz, 154; Sahagun, 156; Clavigero,159; Lorenzo Boturini, 160; Frontispieceof hisIdea^with his Portrait, 161;Icazbalceta, 163;Daniel G. Brinton, 165; BrasseurdeBourbourg, 170. Notes 173 I. TheAuthoritiesonthe so-called CivilizationofAncient MexicoandAdjacent Lands,and the Interpretation of such Authorities, 173; II. Bibliographical Notes upon the Ruins and Archaeological Remainsof Mexicoand Central America, 176; III. Bibliographical NotesonthePicture-Writingofthe NahuasandMayas, 197. Illustrations: The Pyramidof Cholula, 177; TheGreat Moundof Cholula, 178; Mex- icanCalendarStone, 179; Courtofthe Mexico Museum, i8t; OldMexican Bridgenear Tezcuco, 182; TheIndioTriste, 183;General Planof Mitla,184; SacrificialStone, 185; Waldeck, 186; Desir6 Charnay, 187; Charnay'sMapof Yucatan, 188; Ruined Temple atUxmal,189; Ring and Head from Chichen-Itza, 190; Viollet-le-Duc's Restorationof aPalenqu^ Building, 192; Sculpturesfrom the Templeof theCross atPalenqu6, 193 Plan of Copan, 194; Yucatan Typesof Heads, 195; Plan of Quirigua, 196; Fac-simile of Landa's Manuscript, 198; A Sculptured Column, 199; Palenque Hieroglyphics,201; L^onde Rosny,202; TheDresdenCodex,204; CodexCortesianus,206; Codex Perezi- anus,207,208. CONTENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. ix CHAPTER IV. The Inca Civilization in Peru. ClementsR.Markham 209 Illustrations: Brasseur de Bourbourg's Map of Northwestern South America, 210; EarlySpanish MapofPeru, 211;Llamas, 213;ArchitecturalDetailsatTiahuanaca,214; .« Bas-Reliefs,215; Doorway and other Parts, 216; Image, 217; Broken Doorway,218;' Tiahuanaca Restored, 219; Ruinsof Sacsahuaman,220; IncaMancoCcapac,228; Inca Yupanqui, 228; Cuzco, 229; Warriorsof theInca Period,230; Planofthe Temple of the Sun,234; Zodiacof Gold, 235; Quipus, 243; IncaSkull, 244; Ruinsat Chucuito, 245; LakeTiticaca,246, 247; MapoftheLake, 248; Primeval Tomb,Acora,249; Ruins atQuellenata,249; RuinsatEscoma,250; Sillustani,250; RuinsofanIncarial Village, 251; Mapof theIncaRoad, 254; Peruvian Metal-Workers,256; Peruvian Pottery,256, 257; UnfinishedPeruvianCloth, 258. Critical Essay 259 Illustrations: House inCuzcoinwhich Garcilassowas bom,265; Portraitsof theIncas intheTitle-pageof Herrera,267; William Robertson,269; ClementsR. Markham,272; MdrcosJimenez delaEspada,274. Notes 275 I. Ancient People of the Peruvian Coast,275; II. The Quichua Language andLiterature, 278. Illustrations: MummyfromAncon, 276; MummyfromaHuacaatPisco,277; Tapestry fromtheGravesofAncon,278; Idolfrom Timan^,281. CHAPTER V. The Red Indian of North America in Contact with the French and English. GeorgeE. Ellis , . 283 Critical Essay. GeorgeE, EllisandtheEditor 316 CHAPTER VI. The Prehistoric Archeology of North America. Henry W. Haynes 329 Illustrations:PalaeolithicImplementfrom theTrentonGravels,331;TheTrentonGravel Bluff, 335; SectionofBluffnear Trenton, 338; ObsidianSpearPointfromtheLahontan Lake,349. The Progress of Opinion respecting the Origin and Antiquity of Man in America, Justin Winsor 369 Illustrations: BenjaminSmith Barton, 371; Louis Agassiz, 373; SamuelFosterHaven, 374; Sir DanielWilson, 375; Professor Edward B.Tylor, 376; Hochelagan and Cro- magnon Skills, 377; TheodorWaitz, 378; Sir John Lubbock, 379; SirJohn William Dawson,380; Mapof Aboriginal Migrations,381; Calaveras Skull, 385; AncientFoot- print from Nicaragua, 386; Cromagnon, Enghis, Neanderthal,and Hochelagan Skulls, 389; Oscar Peschel, 391; JeffriesWyman,392; MapofCapeCod,showingShellHeaps, 393; Maps of the Pueblo Region,394, 397; Col. Charles Whittlesey, 399; Increase A. Lapham, 400; PlanoftheGreatSerpent Mound,401; CincinnatiTablet,404; OldView of the Moundson the Muskingum (Marietta),405; Mapof theSciotoValley,showing SitesofMounds,406; Worksat Newark,Ohio,407; MajorJ.W. Powell,411. . X CONTENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. APPENDIX. Justin Winsor. I. Bibliographyof AboriginalAmerica 413 II. TheComprehensiveTreatisesonAmericanAntiquities 415 III. Bibliographical NotesontheIndustriesandTradeof theAmericanAborigines 416 IV. Bibliographical NotesonAmericanLinguistics . 421 V. Bibliographical Notesonthe MythsandReligionsof America 429 VI. Archaeological Museumsand Periodicals 437 , IllTuhsetrTaetmipolnes:ofMMeexxiiccaon,4C3l4ay; TMeaosyka,om4irqgui5,Qu4e3t5za;lAconactile,nt43T2eo;caTlhlie,OMaexxaiccaa,nMTeexmipcloe,,43463.3; Index e . .445