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Nanotubes and Nanowires 3rd Edition Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series Editor-in-chief: Nguyễn T. K. Thanh, UniversityCollegeLondon,UK Serieseditors: Gabriel Caruntu, CentralMichiganUniversity,USA Shinya Maenosono, JapanAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Japan Neerish Revaprasadu, UniversityofZululand,SouthAfrica Titlesintheseries: 1: Nanotubes and Nanowires 2: Fullerenes: Principles and Applications 3: Nanocharacterisation 4: Atom Resolved Surface Reactions: Nanocatalysis 5: Biomimetic Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to Applications 6: Nanofluidics: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7: Bionanodesign: Following Nature's Touch 8: Nano- Society: Pushing the Boundaries of Technology 9: Polymer- based Nanostructures: Medical Applications 10: Metallic and Molecular Interactions in Nanometer Layers, Pores and Particles: New Findings at the Yoctolitre Level 11: Nanocasting: A Versatile Strategy for Creating Nanostructured Porous Materials 12: Titanate and Titania Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 13: Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes and Nanotechnology 14: Nanotechnologies in Food 15: Unravelling Single Cell Genomics: Micro and Nanotools 16: Polymer Nanocomposites by Emulsion and Suspension 17: Phage Nanobiotechnology 18: Nanotubes and Nanowires, 2nd Edition 19: Nanostructured Catalysts: Transition Metal Oxides 20: Fullerenes: Principles and Applications, 2nd Edition 21: Biological Interactions with Surface Charge Biomaterials 22: Nanoporous Gold: From an Ancient Technology to a High- Tech Material 23: Nanoparticles in Anti- Microbial Materials: Use and Characterisation 24: Manipulation of Nanoscale Materials: An Introduction to Nanoarchitectonics 25: Towards Efficient Designing of Safe Nanomaterials: Innovative Merge of Computational Approaches and Experimental Techniques 26: Polymer–Graphene Nanocomposites 27: Carbon Nanotube- Polymer Composites 28: Nanoscience for the Conservation of Works of Art 29: Polymer Nanofibers: Building Blocks for Nanotechnology 30: Artificial Cilia 31: Nanodiamond 32: Nanofabrication and its Application in Renewable Energy 33: Semiconductor Quantum Dots: Organometallic and Inorganic Synthesis 34: Soft Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 35: Hierarchical Nanostructures for Energy Devices 36: Microfluidics for Medical Applications 37: Nanocharacterisation, 2nd Edition 38: Thermometry at the Nanoscale: Techniques and Selected Applications 39: Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to Applications, 2nd Edition 40: Near- infrared Nanomaterials: Preparation, Bioimaging and Therapy Applications 41: Nanofluidics, 2nd Edition 42: Nanotechnologies in Food, 2nd Edition 43: ZnO Nanostructures: Fabrication and Applications 44: Diatom Nanotechnology: Progress and Emerging Applications 45: Nanostructured Materials for Type III Photovoltaics 46: Chemically Derived Graphene: Functionalization, Properties and Applications 47: Graphene- based Membranes for Mass Transport Applications 48: Carbon Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications 49: Surface Chemistry of Colloidal Nanocrystals 50: Reducing Agents in Colloidal Nanoparticle Synthesis 51: Carbon Nitride Nanostructures for Sustainable Energy Production and Environmental Remediation 52: Nanotubes and Nanowires, 3rd Edition Howtoobtainfuturetitlesonpublication: A standing order plan is available for this series. A standing order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately on publication. Forfurtherinformationpleasecontact: Book Sales Department, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK Telephone: +44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: +44 (0)1223 420247 Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books Nanotubes and Nanowires 3rd Edition By C. N. R. Rao JawaharlalNehruCentreforAdvancedScienceResearch,India Email:[email protected] A. Govindaraj JawaharlalNehruCentreforAdvancedScientificResearch,India Email:[email protected] and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla IndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay,India Email:[email protected] Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 52 Print ISBN: 978-1 - 78801- 782- 4 PDF ISBN: 978- 1- 78801-9 63- 7 EPUB ISBN: 978- 1- 78801- 964- 4 Print ISSN: 1757- 7136 Electronic ISSN: 1757- 7144 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla 2022 Allrightsreserved Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor privatestudy,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatents Act1988andtheCopyrightandRelatedRightsRegulations2003,thispublicationmay notbereproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withouttheprior permissioninwritingofTheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorthecopyrightowner,orin thecaseofreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyright LicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsofthelicencesissuedbythe appropriateReproductionRightsOrganizationoutsidetheUK.Enquiriesconcerning reproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoTheRoyalSocietyof Chemistryattheaddressprintedonthispage. 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For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY, UK Preface to the Third Edition We are delighted that the previous editions of this book were well received. The subject has expanded greatly in the past few years. We now have new types of nanotubes, for example misfit nanotubes. There have been many advances in the area of nanowires. These developments are noteworthy and add a new direction to nanoscience. Many new properties and applications of nanotubes of carbon and other materials as well as of inorganic nanowires have been discovered. We have, therefore, decided to provide a new edition of the book which covers the various developments that have occurred since the second edition was published. Some of the important topics included in this edition are: chirality- dependent synthesis of SWNTs, metal chalcogenide nanotubes, misfit layered nanotubes, novel properties of inorganic nanotubes, new inorganic nanowires including perovskite nanowires, and photonic, thermoelectric and other properties of nanowires. We believe that with the addition of these topics, this book provides a satisfactory account of the status of nanotubes and nanowires. We have considered it important to divide the book into smaller chapters devoted to specific areas. The new edition has ten chapters instead of three. We trust that this edition will be found useful by all concerned. C. N. R. Rao A. Govindaraj L. S. Panchakarla Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 52 Nanotubes and Nanowires, 3rd Edition By C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla © C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla 2022 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org vii Preface to the Second Edition Since we first wrote this monograph in 2005, the science of nanotubes and nanowires has had an explosive growth. Carbon nanotubes have attracted the attention of chemists, physicists, materials scientists and biologists because of the various fascinating properties that they exhibit. Raman spectroscopy and other techniques have been effectively employed to understand the structure and properties of nanotubes. Functionalization and solubilization of carbon nanotubes have been explored widely. Aspects related to potential applications of nanotubes have been widely investigated and they include not only electronics and sensor technology, but also nanobiotechnology and catalysis. In this revised edition, we have covered the varied developments in carbon nanotubes up to 2010 citing over 2000 references. Inorganic nanotubes were discovered post- 1991 starting with molybde- num and tungsten sulfides. Nanotubes of a variety of inorganic materials have since been synthesized by employing novel strategies. Properties as well as potential applications of these materials are yet to be fully investigated. Inorganic nanowires have constituted a popular topic of study. There has been a surge of publications in this area reporting synthesis, properties and applications. In this revised edition, we have expanded these chapters extensively and covered much of the recent advances. The numbers of references cited are 500 and 900, respectively, in the case of inorganic nanotubes and nanowires. With the wide coverage of the topics and the large number of references cited, the revised monograph has become bigger and at the same time more purposeful. We do hope that the monograph will be found useful by all those who work in nanomaterials and also by students and teachers. C. N. R. Rao A. Govindaraj Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 52 Nanotubes and Nanowires, 3rd Edition By C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla © C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla 2022 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org viii Preface to the First Edition The science of nanomaterials has become the flavour of the day, the research being driven both by academic curiosity and the promise of useful applications. Amongst the nanomaterials, nanocrystals, nanowires and nanotubes constitute three major categories, the last two being one- dimensional. Since the discovery of the carbon nanotubes in 1991, interest in one- dimensional nanomaterials has enhanced remarkably and a phenomenal number of research articles has been published on nanotubes as well as nanowires. The nanotubes are not only those of carbon but also inorganic materials. Several strategies have been developed for the synthesis of these materials and a range of interesting properties reported. Thus, the electronic and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes have been studied extensively and several of them directly relate to potential applications. Typical of the important properties of carbon nanotubes are high mechanical strength, good electrical and thermal conductivity and excellent electron emission characteristics. The electronic and Raman spectra of carbon nanotubes have helped immensely in the characterization as well as in understanding some of the intrinsic structural characteristics. While nanotubes of several inorganic materials, many of which possess layered structures, have been synthesized and characterized, the literature on inorganic nanowires is much more extensive. Every conceivable inorganic material seems to have been prepared in nanowire form. Properties and pos- sible applications of these inorganic one- dimensional materials have been investigated to some extent, but there seems to be ample scope for study. This monograph provides an up-t o- date survey of various aspects of carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanotubes and nanowires. Nanotubes of lipids, peptides, polymers and DNA are known, but they have not been discussed in this monograph due to its limited scope. We have found it difficult to cover Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series No. 52 Nanotubes and Nanowires, 3rd Edition By C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla © C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj and Leela Srinivas Panchakarla 2022 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org ix