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Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells This pageintentionallyleftblank Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells Edited by HUAIHE SONG State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Universityof Chemical Technology, Beijing, China TUAN ANH NGUYEN Institute forTropical Technology, Vietnam,Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi,Vietnam GHULAM YASIN Institute forAdvanced Study, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering,ShenzhenUniversity, Shenzhen,Guangdong, China Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.In usingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyof others,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-323-85727-7 ForInformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:SimonHolt EditorialProjectManager:GabrielaD.Capille ProductionProjectManager:DebasishGhosh CoverDesigner:VictoriaPearson TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents Listofcontributors xiii Foreword xvii Section 1 Basic principles 1. Nanotechnology-based fuelcells: anintroduction 3 NiraliH.Gondaliya 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Fuelcells 5 1.3 Nanotechnologyandfuelcells 6 1.4 Currentresearchonnanofuelcells 7 1.5 Conclusion 8 References 8 2. Microfluidic concept-based fuel cells 11 BiswajitS.De,NeerajKhare,AnastasiaEliasandSuddhasatwaBasu 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Theory 13 2.3 Fabricationanddesignofmicrofluidicfuelcells 16 2.4 Performanceevaluationofmicrofluidicfuelcells 21 2.5 Perspectiveandconclusions 35 References 36 3. Alcohol fuelcell on-a-chip 41 CauêA.Martins 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Fuelcellon-a-chip 42 3.3 Generalviewofdirectalcoholmicrofluidicfuelcells 45 3.4 Testingdirectalcoholmicrofluidicfuelcells 50 3.5 Nanotechnologyindirectalcoholmicrofluidicfuelcells 54 3.5.1 Nanoparticleanodesandcathodesformethanolmicrofluidicfuelcells 55 3.5.2 Nanoparticleanodesandcathodesforethanolmicrofluidicfuelcells 56 v vi Contents 3.5.3 Nanoparticleanodesandcathodesforethyleneglycolmicrofluidicfuelcells 60 3.5.4 Nanoparticleanodesandcathodesforglycerolmicrofluidicfuelcells 61 3.6 Perspectivesandfutureengagements 65 Acknowledgments 67 Appendix 68 References 72 4. General aspects in the modeling of fuel cells: from conventional fuelcells to nano fuel cells 77 PabloA.García-Salaberri 4.1 Introduction 77 4.1.1 Protonexchangemembranefuelcells(PEMFCs) 80 4.2 Numericalmodeling 88 4.2.1 Macroscopiccontinuummodeling 88 4.2.2 Pore-scalemodeling 90 4.2.3 Hybridcontinuum/pore-scalemodeling 92 4.3 PEMFCmacroscopicmodeling 94 4.3.1 Assumptions 97 4.3.2 Conservationsequations 98 4.3.3 Sourceterms 104 4.3.4 Boundaryconditions 110 Acknowledgments 113 References 113 5. Mathematical modeling for fuelcells 123 AbdallaM.Abdalla,MohamedK.Dawood,ShahzadHossain,MohamedEl-Sabahy, BasemE.Elnaghi,ShabanaP.S.ShaikhandAbulK.Azad 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Fuelcellssimulationandmodeling 124 5.3 Processdesignandmathematicalformulation 124 5.3.1 Solidoxidefuelcells 125 5.3.2 Moltencarbonatefuelcells 126 5.3.3 Protonexchangemembranefuelcells 128 5.3.4 Directalkalinefuelcell 131 5.3.5 Microbialfuelcells 132 5.4 Keychallengesofmathematicalmodeling 134 5.5 Conclusion 135 References 135 Contents vii Section 2 Nanostructures and nanomaterials for fuel cells 6. Nanostructures andnanomaterials in microbial fuel cells 139 SaranyaNarayanasamyandJayapriyaJayaprakash 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 Nanostructuredmaterialsinmicrobialfuelcells 140 6.2.1 Nanostructuresaselectrodematerials 141 6.3 Nanocompositematerials 148 6.3.1 Anodematerials 149 6.3.2 Cathodematerials 156 6.3.3 Membranes 159 6.4 Conclusion 162 Acknowledgment 163 References 163 7. Metal-organic frameworks for fuel cell technologies 173 MuhammadRizwanSulaimanandRamK.Gupta 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Structureofmetal-organicframeworks 176 7.2.1 Secondarybuildingunits 178 7.2.2 Openmetalsites 179 7.2.3 Pores 179 7.2.4 Functionalgroups 180 7.2.5 Developmentofporousstructure 181 7.2.6 Designofmetal-organicframeworkderivative 183 7.3 Metal-organicframeworksforfuelcellsapplications 183 7.3.1 Proton-conductingmetal-organicframeworks 184 7.4 Metal-organicframeworksasoxygenreductionreactioncatalyst 189 7.5 Conclusion 196 References 196 8. Advanced carbon-basednanostructured materials for fuel cells 201 MuhammadRizwanSulaimanandRamK.Gupta 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Importantoxygenreductionreactioncharacterizationnotions 204 8.2.1 Onsetpotential(E ) 204 ons 8.2.2 Currentdensity 205 8.2.3 Tafelslope 205 8.2.4 ElectrontransfernumberandHO 2percentage 205 2 viii Contents 8.2.5 Turnoverfrequency 206 8.3 Approachestosynthesizenanocarbons 206 8.3.1 Zero-dimensionalcarbonaceousmaterials 206 8.3.2 One-dimensionalcarbonaceousmaterials 211 8.3.3 Graphene-basedtwo-dimensionalcarbonaceousmaterials 216 8.3.4 Three-dimensionalcarbonmaterials 220 8.4 Conclusion 224 References 224 9. Covalent organic framework-based materials as electrocatalystsfor fuelcells 229 AnujKumar,ShashankSundriyal,TribaniBoruah,CharuGoyal,SonaliGautam, DipakKumarDasandTuanAnhNguyen 9.1 Introduction 229 9.1.1 Motivationsandscope 229 9.1.2 Fuelcellanditschemistry 230 9.1.3 Chemistryofcovalentorganicframeworks 232 9.1.4 InterlayerstackinginCOFs 235 9.2 RecentadvancementsinCOF-basedelectrocatalystsforORR 235 9.2.1 Pristinemetal-freeCOFs 236 9.2.2 Macrocycle-incorporatedCOFs 237 9.2.3 COF-derivedSAC-basedmaterials 239 9.2.4 Nanocarbon-supportedCOFs 241 9.3 DesigningapproachesofCOF-basedelectrocatalysts 242 9.3.1 Geometricorientation-basedapproaches 242 9.3.2 Differentbonding-basedapproaches 244 9.4 Concludingremarks 245 9.4.1 Challenges 246 9.4.2 Prospectsandresearchdirections 246 References 246 10.Nano-inks for fuel cells 251 FahimehHooriabadSaboorandTuanAnhNguyen 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Inkrheologicalparametersandinfluencingfactors 253 10.3 Recentprogressinnano-inkpreparationandutilizationinfuelcellapplication 254 10.3.1 Theeffectofsolventsandadditives 254 10.3.2 Theeffectofthedispersionmethod 256 10.3.3 Theeffectoftheinkcomposition 256 10.4 Conclusion 258 References 258 Contents ix 11.Nanomaterial andnanocatalystsin microbial fuel cells 261 SumishaAnappara,KarthickSenthilkumarandHaribabuKrishnan 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 Applicationofnanomaterialstructuresinanodes 263 11.2.1 Carbon-basednanomaterials 263 11.2.2 Nanoconductingpolymer 266 11.2.3 Metal-basednanomaterials 268 11.3 Applicationofnanomaterialstructuresincathodes 270 11.3.1 Graphene-basednanomaterial 271 11.3.2 Carbonnanotubesandnanofibers 272 11.3.3 Transitionmetaloxidenanomaterials 273 11.3.4 Conductingpolymernanomaterials 274 11.4 Ion-exchangemembranes 275 11.4.1 Perfluorinatedmembranes 276 11.4.2 Sulfonatedmembranes 276 11.4.3 Nonfluorinatedandnonsulfonatedmembranes 277 11.5 Conclusion 279 References 279 12.Nanomembranes in fuelcells 285 YunfengZhang 12.1 Theintroductionofnanomembranesinfuelcells 285 12.1.1 Descriptionofnanomembranes 285 12.1.2 Protontransportchannels 288 12.2 Polymer-basednanomembranes 295 12.2.1 Polymermembraneswithtailoredmainchains 295 12.2.2 Polymermembraneswithfunctionalsidechains 299 12.2.3 Polymermembraneswithspecialgroups 304 12.2.4 Cross-linkingmembranes 310 12.3 Hybridmembranescontainingnanofillers 316 12.3.1 Effectofnanofillers 316 12.3.2 Nanoparticles 317 12.3.3 Nanocarbonmaterials 323 References 338 13.Shape-controlled metal nanoparticles forfuelcells applications 349 AjitBehera 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 Whatisshape-controlledcatalyst 350 13.3 Platinumcatalyst 350