Nanotechnology applications for clean water : solutions for improving water quality

704 Pages·2014·8.677 MB·English

by  Anita Street, et al

Nanotechnology Applications
for Clean Water
Solutions for Improving Water Quality
Second Edition
Edited by
Anita Street
US Departmentof Energy
Richard Sustich
Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems,
University ofIllinois atUrbana-Champaign
Jeremiah Duncan
Departmentof Atmospheric Science and Chemistry,
PlymouthState University
Nora Savage
Office ofResearchand Development, US Environmental
Protection Agency
Foreword by
George Gray
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
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Firstpublished 2009
Secondedition2014
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14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List ofContributors................................................................................................xxi
Foreword...............................................................................................................xxxi
Preface...............................................................................................................xxxiii
Acknowledgment.................................................................................................xxxv
Introduction.......................................................................................................xxxvii
PART 1 CONTAMINANT SENSING TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 1 Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotube Arrays and
Graphene for Water Monitoring...............................3
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................3
1.2 CNT-based electrochemical sensors.............................................5
1.2.1 Various methods for preparation ofCNT-based
sensors..................................................................................5
1.2.2 Fabrication ofaligned CNTNEA.......................................6
1.2.3 Applications ofCNT-based sensorsfor metal ion
monitoring............................................................................7
1.3 Graphene-based sensors.................................................................8
1.3.1 Graphene-based electrochemical sensors............................8
1.3.2 Graphenesensorsfor pesticides........................................10
1.3.3 Graphenesensorsfor otherpollutants...............................14
1.4 Conclusionsand future work.......................................................15
Acknowledgments...............................................................................16
References...........................................................................................16
CHAPTER 2 Advanced Nanosensors for Environmental
Monitoring..........................................................21
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................21
2.2 Nanostructured sensing materials developed..............................23
2.2.1 Incorporation ofmetal nanoparticles in
photopolymerized organic conducting polymers..............23
2.2.2 Nanostructured PAA membranes as novel electrode
materials.............................................................................27
2.3 Chemicalsensorarrays andpattern recognition.........................30
2.3.1 Data processing, pattern recognition, and support
vector machines.................................................................31
2.3.2 Integration of sensor array with chromatographic
systems...............................................................................32
iii
iv Contents
2.4 Biosensing applicationsof nanostructured materials..................33
2.4.1 Biosensors for polychlorinated biphenyls.........................33
2.4.2 Endocrine disruptingchemicals, chlorinated
organics, andotheranalytes..............................................34
2.4.3 Multiarray electrochemical sensors for monitoring
pathogenic bacteria, cellviability,and antibiotic
susceptibility......................................................................39
2.5 Conclusions andfuture perspectives...........................................41
Acknowledgments...............................................................................41
References...........................................................................................42
CHAPTER 3 Electrochemical Biosensors Based on
Nanomaterials for Detection of Pesticides
and Explosives....................................................47
3.1 Introduction..................................................................................47
3.2 Nanomaterials-based biosensorsfor pesticides...........................49
3.2.1 Biosensor based on AChE.................................................49
3.2.2 Biosensor based on ChO/AChE bienzyme.......................49
3.2.3 Biosensor based on LBL assembly ofAChE on CNT.....51
3.2.4 Biosensor based on OPH...................................................53
3.3 NP-based electrochemical immunoassay ofTNT.......................56
3.3.1 The principle ofNP-based TNT sensor............................56
3.3.2 The analyticalperformance of TNT sensor......................57
3.4 Conclusions..................................................................................60
Acknowledgments...............................................................................60
References...........................................................................................61
CHAPTER 4 Dye Nanoparticle-Coated Test Strips for
Detection of ppb-Level Ions in Water....................63
4.1 Introduction..................................................................................63
4.2 Fundamental conceptofdyenanoparticle-coated test strip.......64
4.2.1 Structural features ofdye nanoparticle-coatedteststrip..64
4.2.2 Simple yet versatile fabrication methods ofDNTSs........65
4.2.3 Detection characteristics with DNTS................................67
4.3 The strategy toproducea suitable DNTS for a target ion.........68
4.4 Detectionof harmfulions inwater with DNTSs........................69
4.4.1 PAN nanofiber DNTS for Zn(II) detection.......................69
4.4.2 Dithizone nanofiberDNTS for Hg(II) detection..............70
4.5 Conclusions andfuture perspectives...........................................71
Acknowledgments...............................................................................71
References...........................................................................................71
Contents v
CHAPTER 5 Functional Nucleic Acid-Directed Assembly of
Nanomaterials and Their Applications as
Colorimetric and Fluorescent Sensors for Trace
Contaminants in Water.........................................73
5.1 Detection oftracecontaminants in water...................................74
5.2 Functionalnucleic acidsfor molecular
recognition...................................................................................74
5.2.1 Invitro selection offunctional nucleic acids
thatare selective for a broad range of target
analytes..............................................................................75
5.2.2 Analytes orcontaminants recognized selectively
byfunctional nucleic acids................................................77
5.3 Functionalnucleic acid-directedassembly ofnanomaterials
for sensing contaminants.............................................................78
5.3.1 Fluorescent sensors............................................................78
5.3.2 Colorimetric sensors..........................................................81
5.4 Simultaneousmultiplexed detection using quantum dots and
gold nanoparticles........................................................................83
5.5 Sensors on solidsupports............................................................85
5.5.1 Dipsticks............................................................................85
5.5.2 Incorporation ofsensorsinto devices................................86
5.6 Other sensing schemes utilizing electrochemistry and
magnetic resonance imaging.......................................................86
5.7 Conclusionsand future perspective.............................................87
Acknowledgments...............................................................................87
References...........................................................................................88
PART 2 SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 6 Nanostructured Membranes for Water
Purification.........................................................95
6.1 Introduction..................................................................................95
6.2 Conducting PAA membranes......................................................97
6.2.1 PAA membranes for nanofiltration
ofENPs............................................................................100
6.2.2 ApplicationofPAA membranes for absolute
disinfectionofdrinking water.........................................100
6.3 Conclusions................................................................................102
Acknowledgments.............................................................................103
References.........................................................................................104
vi Contents
CHAPTER 7 Advances in Nanostructured Membranes for Water
Desalination......................................................109
7.1 Introduction................................................................................109
7.2 Desalination technologies..........................................................110
7.2.1 State ofthe art inRO......................................................110
7.2.2 State ofthe art inMD.....................................................111
7.3 Nanostructured membranes.......................................................112
7.3.1 Nanozeolitemembranes..................................................112
7.3.2 Clay nanocomposite membranes.....................................113
7.3.3 CNT membranes..............................................................114
7.4 Applicationofnanostructuredmembranes...............................116
7.4.1 CNT membranes inRO...................................................117
7.4.2 CNT membranes inMD..................................................117
7.5 Commercial effortsto date........................................................119
7.6 Future challengeof energy-efficient CNT membranes
for desalination..........................................................................120
Acknowledgments.............................................................................120
References.........................................................................................120
CHAPTER 8 Nanostructured Titanium Oxide Film- and
Membrane-Based Photocatalysis for Water
Treatment .........................................................123
8.1 TiO photocatalysis and challenges..........................................123
2
8.2 Sol(cid:1)gel synthesis ofporous TiO :surfactant
2
self-assembling..........................................................................124
8.3 Immobilization ofTiO inthe formof films
2
andmembranes..........................................................................125
8.4 ActivationofTiO under visible light irradiation....................127
2
8.5 Selective decomposition of target contaminants......................128
8.6 Versatile environmental applications........................................129
8.7 Suggestions andimplications....................................................129
Acknowledgments.............................................................................130
References.........................................................................................130
CHAPTER 9 Nanotechnology-Based Membranes for Water
Purification.......................................................133
9.1 Introduction................................................................................133
9.2 Zeolite-coated ceramic membranes...........................................134
9.3 Inorganic(cid:1)organic TFN membranes.........................................137
Contents vii
9.4 Hybrid protein(cid:1)polymer biomimetic membranes....................140
9.5 Aligned CNT membranes..........................................................143
9.6 Self-assembled block copolymer membranes...........................145
9.7 Graphene-based membranes......................................................146
9.8 Conclusions................................................................................148
References.........................................................................................149
CHAPTER 10 Multifunctional Nanomaterial-Enabled
Membranes for Water Treatment.........................155
10.1 Introduction..............................................................................155
10.2 Nanostructured membranes with functional nanoparticles.....156
10.2.1 Overview ofrecentprogress inthe development
ofmultifunctional membranes....................................157
10.2.2 Porous polymer nanocomposite membranes:
structuralaspects..........................................................158
10.2.3 Example:effectoffiller incorporation route
on the structure andbiocidalproperties of
polysulfone-silver nanocomposite membranes
ofdifferent porosities..................................................159
10.2.4 Example:Self-cleaning membrane for
ozonation(cid:1)ultrafiltration hybrid process....................163
10.3 Potential future research directions.........................................166
Acknowledgments.............................................................................166
References.........................................................................................166
CHAPTER 11 Nanofluidic Carbon Nanotube Membranes:
Applications for Water Purification and
Desalination......................................................173
11.1 Introduction: carbon nanotubemembrane technology
for water purification...............................................................174
11.2 Basic structure andproperties of carbon nanotubes...............174
11.3 Water transportin carbon nanotube pores: anMD
simulationview.......................................................................176
11.3.1 Water inside carbonnanotubes...................................176
11.3.2 Carbon nanotubes asbiological channel
analogs.........................................................................177
11.4 Fabrication ofcarbonnanotubemembranes...........................178
11.4.1 Polymeric/CNT membranes........................................178
11.4.2 SiliconnitrideCNT membranes..................................178
11.4.3 CNT polymer network fabrication..............................180
viii Contents
11.5 Experimental observations ofwater transportin
double-wall and multi-wallcarbonnanotubemembranes......180
11.6 Nanofiltration properties ofcarbon nanotube membranes.....182
11.6.1 Size exclusion experimentsin the 1(cid:1)10nm size
range.............................................................................182
11.6.2 Ion exclusion incarbon nanotube membranes............182
11.7 Alteringtransportselectivityby membrane
functionalization......................................................................183
11.8 Isenergy-efficient desalination and water purification with
carbonnanotubemembranes possible and practical?.............184
Acknowledgments.............................................................................186
References.........................................................................................186
CHAPTER 12 Design of Advanced Membranes and Substrates
for Water Purification and Desalination...............189
12.1 Overview..................................................................................189
12.2 Novelmethod tomake acontinuousmicro-mesopore
membrane with tailored surface chemistry for use in
nanofiltration...........................................................................191
12.3 Deposition ofpolyelectrolyte complexfilmsunder
pressure andfrom organic solvents........................................192
12.4 Solventresistant hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile
membranes...............................................................................194
12.5 Polyimides membranes for nanofiltration...............................194
12.6 Conclusions..............................................................................197
References.........................................................................................197
CHAPTER 13 Customization and Multistage Nanofiltration
Applications for Potable Water, Treatment, and
Reuse...............................................................201
13.1 Potable water...........................................................................201
13.1.1 Nanofiltrationmembranes as awater
treatment solution........................................................201
13.1.2 Nanofiltrationof freshwater sources...........................202
13.1.3 Nanofiltrationfor seawater desalination.....................204
13.2 Water treatmentandreuse......................................................205
13.2.1 Nanofiltrationfor wastewater treatment
and reuse......................................................................205
Reference...........................................................................................207
Contents ix
CHAPTER 14 Commercialization of Nanotechnology for
Removal of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water........209
14.1 Issues thatneed tobe addressed.............................................209
14.2 Generalapproaches.................................................................211
14.3 Specific technology used by CCT andresults........................214
14.3.1 Synthesis andcharacterization ofmaterials................219
14.3.2 Metal bindingtests......................................................221
14.4 Moving technology tothe next phase.....................................224
References.........................................................................................225
CHAPTER 15 Water Treatment by Dendrimer-Enhanced
Filtration: Principles and Applications................227
15.1 Introduction..............................................................................227
15.2 Dendrimersas recyclable ligands for cations.........................229
15.3 Dendrimersas recyclable ligands for anions..........................233
15.4 Dendrimer-enhanced filtration: overview
andapplications.......................................................................235
15.5 Summaryand outlook.............................................................238
Acknowledgments.............................................................................238
References.........................................................................................239
CHAPTER 16 Detection and Extraction of Pesticides
from Drinking Water Using Nanotechnologies......241
16.1 Introduction..............................................................................242
16.2 The need for nanomaterialsand nanotechnology...................245
16.3 Earlier efforts for pesticide removal.......................................246
16.3.1 Surface adsorption.......................................................246
16.3.2 Biological degradation.................................................247
16.3.3 Membranefiltration.....................................................247
16.4 Nanomaterials-based chemistry: recent approaches...............249
16.4.1 Homogeneous versus heterogeneous chemistry..........249
16.4.2 Variety ofnanosystems...............................................251
16.5 Pesticide removal from drinkingwater:a case study.............256
16.5.1 Noble metal nanoparticle-based mineralization
ofpesticides.................................................................256
16.5.2 Detectionof ultralow pesticide contamination
inwater........................................................................260
16.5.3 Technologyto product: a snapshot view....................263
16.6 Future directions......................................................................264
16.7 Summary..................................................................................266