Nanotechnology and nanomedicine in diabetes PDF
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Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine in Diabetes © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine in Diabetes Editors Lan-Anh Le MBBS Principal GP Rosemead Surgery Maidenhead Berkshire UK Ross J. Hunter MBBS MRCP PhD Cardiology Research Fellow St Bartholomew’s Hospital London UK Victor R. Preedy PhD DSc Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry School of Medicine King’s College London and Professor of Clinical Biochemistry King’s College Hospital UK Science Publishers Jersey, British Isles Enfi eld, New Hampshire © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20120217 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-0508-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza- tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface Diabetes mellitus is a spectrum of diseases characterised by the imbalance of serum glucose and insulin, resulting in hyperglycaemia and affecting all bodily systems. It’s contributory role in the aetiology of coronary artery disease is arguably it’s most serious manifestation, since this is the leading cause of death in the Western world and accounts for a third of all premature deaths. Diabetic renal disease is the most common cause of renal failure requiring dialysis, and diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness globally. Diabetic foot also leads to more amputations worldwide than any other cause. With a prevalence of 4–5% of the population, diabetes accounts for a devastating 5% of all deaths globally each year and is a massive cause of morbidity and suffering. Diabetes therefore poses a huge challenge for patients, healthcare professionals and governments alike. The burden of the disease is clearly a global phenomenon as 80% of those with diabetes live in low to middle income countries. An ageing population and an explosive increase in obesity are behind a forthcoming diabetes epidemic, since the prevalence is expected to double between 2005 and 2030. Sadly, despite various national and global initiatives, the death rate from the condition is expected to double in the next 10 years and warrants an immediate comprehensive global strategy. Although the importance of glucose control for the prevention of adverse sequelae is well established, there remain several barriers to overcome. Our understanding of diabetes and it’s manifestations in the different organ systems remains arguably rather crude. The aetiologies of the various forms of diabetes are incompletely understood and there are major limitations to current oral hypoglycaemic drug therapy and to insulin therapy which still requires injection. Furthermore, our management of the various disease processes that result from diabetes is limited mostly to blood glucose control and management of cardiovascular risk factors, and does little to address these disease processes directly. Advances in medical sciences, particularly in the realm of nano- medicine, offer great promise for complex diseases such as diabetes. Improved understanding of the aetiologies of the different forms of diabetes and the pathophysiology underlying the resultant multi-organ disease © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vi Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine in Diabetes process that results from hyperglycaemia may defi ne new therapeutic targets for the prevention or perhaps cure of this condition, and better treatment of the multi-organ pathology that it causes. New methods of drug delivery using nano technology may help optimise diabetic control, and alternatives to injecting insulin are now on the horizon. Likewise, the possibility of directly addressing the pathological processes that complicate diabetes may allow real advances in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. The nanosciences encompass a variety of technologies ranging from particles to networks and nanostructures. For example, nanoparticles have been proposed to be suitable carriers of therapeutic agents whilst nanostructures provide suitable platforms for sub-micro bioengineering. However, understanding the importance of nanoscience and technology is somewhat problematical as a great deal of text can be rather technical in nature with little consideration to the novice. In this book Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine in Diabetes we aim to disseminate the information in a readable way by having unique sections for the novice and expert alike. This enables the reader to transfer their knowledge base from one discipline to another or from one academic level to another. Each chapter has an abstract, “key facts”, and a “mini-dictionary” of key terms and phrases within each chapter. Finally, each chapter has a series of summary points. We cover for example, introductions to the fi eld, an overview on nanosciences, lipid matrix nanoparticles, atomic force microscopy, nanocarriers of antisense oligonucleotides, carbon nanotubes coupled to siRNA, glucose sensors, nanocomposites, zinc oxide nanorods, nanoprobes to monitor cell processes, mucoadhesive nanoparticles, insulin-nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials for MALDI-TOF MS analysis, loaded biodegradable nanoparticles, nano-encapsulation strategies, nano- immuno science, nanolabeled diabetogenic T cells, nanoparticle-delivery in retinopathy, nanofi ber matrices as diabetic wound dressings, poly-n- acetyl glucosamine nanofi bers and nanotechnology footsocks. This book is intended to impart some of the key advances in nano- medicine in diabetes. These reviews will bring the reader to the forefront of this exciting fi eld. It is hoped that by condensing these key developments in the fi eld into this short book, that we may clarify the future direction of this rapidly evolving specialty and highlight the promise of the nano- sciences in the fi eld of diabetes. Contributors to Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine in Diabetes are all either international or national experts, leading authorities or are carrying out ground breaking and innovative work on their subject. The book is essential reading for research scientists, medical doctors, health care professionals, pathologists, biologists, biochemists, chemists and physicists, general practitioners as well as those © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface vii interested in disease and nano sciences in general. Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine in Diabetes is part of a collection of books on Nanoscience Applied to Health and Medicine. Dr Lan-Anh Le MBBS Dr Ross Hunter MBBS PhD Professor Victor R. Preedy PhD DSc FRCPath © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface v Section 1: General Aspects 1. Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine in Diabetes: An Overview 3 Denison J. Kuruvilla and Aliasger K. Salem 2. Lipid Matrix Nanoparticles in Diabetes 14 Eliana B. Souto, Joana F. Fangueiro and Selma S. Souto 3. Atomic Force Microscopy: An Enabling Nanotechnology for 34 Diabetes Research Brian J. Rodriguez and Suzanne P. Jarvis 4. Nanocarriers of Antisense Oligonucleotides in Diabetes 59 Novella Rapini, Nunzio Bottini and Massimo Bottini Section 2: Glucose 5. Carbon Nanotubes Coupled to siRNA Generates Effi cient 81 Transfection and is a Tool for Examining Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Johanna T. Lanner and Håkan Westerblad 6. Glucose Sensors Based on Functional Nanocomposites 98 Kwang Pill Lee, Anantha Iyengar Gopalan and Shanmugasundaram Komathi 7. Zinc Oxide Nanorods and Their Application to Intracellular 120 Glucose Measurements Muhammad H. Asif, Magnus Willander, Peter Strålfors and Bengt Danielsson © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC x Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine in Diabetes Section 3: Insulin 8. Nanoprobes to Monitor Cell Processes in the Pancreas 143 Claire Billotey, Caroline Aspord, Florence Gazeau, Pascal Perriat, Olivier Tillement, Charles Thivolet and Marc Janier 9. Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Insulin 165 Sajeesh S., Chandra P. Sharma and Christine Vauthier 10. Insulin-nanoparticles for Transdermal Absorption 186 Jiangling Wan, Huibi Xu and Xiangliang Yang 11. Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials for 202 MALDI-TOF-MS and Electrochemical Analysis of Insulin Stefan A. Schönbichler, Lukas K.H. Bittner, Johannes D. Pallua, Verena A. Huck-Pezzei, Christine Pezzei, Günther K. Bonn and Christian W. Huck Section 4: Drugs and Treatments 12. Second Generation Sulfonylurea Glipizide Loaded 227 Biodegradable Nanoparticles in Diabetes Swarnlata Saraf, Shailendra Saraf and Lan-Anh Le 13. Immune Protection for Transplanted Pancreatic Islets 248 by Nano-Encapsulation Strategies: A Chemist’s Insight Silke Krol, Ana Maria Waaga-Gasser and Piero Marchetti 14. Nanoparticles, Interleukin-10 and Autoimmune Diabetes 270 Rhishikesh Mandke, Ashwin Basarkar and Jagdish Singh 15. In vivo MR Imaging of Nanolabeled Diabetogenic T cells 287 Amol Kavishwar, Zdravka Medarova and Anna Moore 16. Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Angiogenic Inhibitors 304 in Diabetic Retinopathy Krysten M. Farjo, Rafal Farjo, Ronald Wassel and Jian-xing Ma 17. Drug Loaded Nanofi ber Matrices as Diabetic 325 Wound Dressings William Gionfriddo and Lakshmi S. Nair 18. Poly-N-acetyl Glucosamine Nanofi bers Derived from a Marine 345 Diatom: Applications in Diabetic Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration John N. Vournakis, Thomas Fischer, Haley Buff Lindner, Marina Demcheva, Arun Seth and Robin C. Muise-Helmericks © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents xi 19. Nanotechnology Footsocks for Diabetic Foot 365 Alberto Piaggesi, Elisabetta Iacopi, Elisa Banchellini and Laura Ambrosini Nobili 20. Nanosciences, Diabetes and the Patient 380 Martin C.R., Le L., Hunter R., Patel V.B. and Preedy V.R. Index 385 About The Editors 389 Color Plate Section 391 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Section 1: General Aspects © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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