Nanostructured Polymer Membranes, Applications (Volume 2)

547 Pages·2016·7.888 MB·English

by  Visakh P.M., Olga Nazarenko

Nanostructured Polymer
Membranes
Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Nanostructured Polymer
Membranes
Volume 2: Applications
Visakh P.M. and Olga Nazarenko
Copyright © 2016 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-83178-6 
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xvii
1 Nanostructured Polymer Membranes: Applications,
State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1
Visakh. P. M
1.1 Membranes: Technology and Applications 1
1.2 Polymer Membranes: Gas and Vapor Separation 3
1.3 Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 4
1.4 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane and Methanol Fuel Cell 5
1.5 Polymer Membranes for Water Desalination
and Treatment 6
1.6 Biopolymer Electrolytes for Energy Devices 7
1.7 Phosphoric Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazole Membranes 9
1.8 Natural Nanofibers in Polymer Membranes
for Energy Applications 10
1.9 Potential of Carbon Nanoparticles for Pervaporation
Polymeric Membranes 14
1.10 Mixed Matrix Membranes for Nanofiltration Application 16
1.11 Fundamentals, Applications and Future Prospects of
Nanofiltration Membrane Technique 18
References 19
2 Membranes: Technology and Applications 27
Yang Liu and Guibin Wang
2.1 Introduction 27
2.1.1 Membrane Process 29
2.1.2 Membrane Types and Preparations 34
2.1.2.1 Isotropic Membranes 34
2.1.2.2 Anisotropic Membranes 34
2.1.3 Membrane Modules 35
2.1.3.1 Plate-and-frame Modules 35
2.1.3.2 Tubular Modules 36
v
vi Contents
2.1.3.3 Hollow-fiber Modules 36
2.1.3.4 Spiral-wound Modules 37
2.2 Reverse Osmosis Process 37
2.2.1 Introduction 37
2.2.2 Principle 38
2.2.3 Membrane Materials 41
2.2.3.1 Cellulose Acetate Membrane 41
2.2.3.2 Aromatic Polyamide Membrane 42
2.2.3.3 Other Polymer Membranes 42
2.2.3.4 Interfacial Composite Membrane 43
2.2.4 Applications 45
2.2.4.1 Brackish Water Desalination 46
2.2.4.2 Seawater Desalination 47
2.2.4.3 Ultrapure Water 48
2.2.4.4 Nanofiltration 49
2.2.5 Conclusions 49
2.3 Ultrafiltration Process 50
2.3.1 Introduction 50
2.3.2 Principle 51
2.3.3 Membrane Structures and Materials 52
2.3.4 Membrane Fouling and Control 54
2.3.4.1 Concentration Polarization 54
2.3.4.2 Fouling Control 55
2.3.5 Applications 57
2.3.6 Conclusions 59
2.4 Pervaporation Process 59
2.4.1 Introduction 59
2.4.2 Principle 60
2.4.3 Membrane Materials and Applications 62
2.4.3.1 Hydrophilic Membrane
(Dehydration Membrane) 62
2.4.3.2 Hydrophobic Membrane
(Organic-Water Separation Membrane) 63
2.4.3.3 Organophilic Membrane (Organic-
Organic Separation Membrane) 64
2.4.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 64
2.5 Microfiltration Process 65
2.5.1 Introduction 65
2.5.2 Principle 66
2.5.3 Membrane Materials 68
2.5.4 Applications 68
2.5.5 Conclusions 69
Contents vii
2.6 Coupled and Facilitated Transport 69
2.6.1 Introduction 69
2.6.2 Coupled Transport 70
2.6.3 Facilitated Transport 72
2.6.4 Conclusions 73
2.7 Membrane Distillation 73
2.7.1 Introduction 73
2.7.2 Principle 74
2.7.3 Applications 78
2.7.4 Conclusions 79
2.8 Ultrafiltration Zeolite and Ceramic Membranes 79
2.8.1 Introduction 79
2.8.2 Applications 81
2.8.3 Conclusions 82
2.9 Conclusions 83
References 84
3 Polymeric Membranes for Gas and Vapor Separations 89
Seyed Saeid Hosseini and Sara Najari
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Significance and Prominent Industrial Applications 91
3.2.1 Gas/Gas Separation Applications 91
3.2.2 Vapor/Gas Separation Applications 98
3.2.3 Vapor/Vapor Separation Applications 99
3.3 Fundamentals and Transport of Gases in Polymeric
Membranes 100
3.3.1 Transport Properties in Polymeric Membranes 100
3.3.2 Factors Contributing to the Transport in
Polymeric Membranes 103
3.3.2.1 Nature and Properties of Gas Molecules 103
3.3.2.2 Nature and Properties of
Membrane Material 105
3.3.2.3 Operating Conditions 108
3.4 Polymeric Membrane Materials for Gas and
Vapor Separations 112
3.4.1 High-Performance Engineering Polymers 112
3.4.1.1 Polysulfones (PSfs) 112
3.4.1.2 Polyethersulfones (PESs) 113
3.4.1.3 Celluloce Acetates (CAs) 113
3.4.1.4 Polyimides (PIs) 114
3.4.1.5 Polyetherimides/Polyamideimides
(PEIs/PAEs) 117
viii Contents
3.4.2 Novel Polymers 118
3.4.2.1 Fluoropolymers and Fluorinated
Polymers 118
3.4.2.2 Siloxane 120
3.4.2.3 Substituted Polyacetylenes 121
3.4.3 Emerging Polymers 124
3.4.3.1 Polymers of Intrinsic
Microporosity (PIMs) 124
3.4.3.2 Thermally Rearranged (TR) Polymers 126
3.5 Strategies for Tuning the Transport in Polymeric
Membranes through Molecular Design and Architecture 128
3.5.1 Solubility-Selective Membranes 128
3.5.2 Diffusivity-Selective Membranes 130
3.6 Process Modeling and Simulation 132
3.6.1 Modeling of Membrane Gas Separation Process 132
3.6.2 Phenomenological Models for Gas and
Vapor Sorption and Permeation 137
3.7 Challenges and Future Directions 141
3.7.1 Trade-off between Permeability and Selectivity 141
3.7.2 Plasticization and Physical Aging 142
3.8 Concluding Remarks 144
References 144
4 Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 159
Alireza Zirehpour and Ahmad Rahimpour
4.1 Introduction 160
4.2 Membrane Theory 161
4.2.1 Membrane Definition and Structure 161
4.2.2 Membrane Principles 162
4.2.2.1 Membrane Transport 162
4.2.2.2 Membrane Selectivity 163
4.2.2.3 Membrane Separation Mechanism 164
4.2.2.4 Concentration Polarization 164
4.2.2.5 Critical Flux 166
4.2.2.6 Membrane Fouling 166
4.3 Membrane Separation Techniques in Industry 168
4.3.1 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Systems 169
4.3.1.1 Flux, Pressure, and Feed Recovery Rate 171
4.3.1.2 RO and NF Applications 172
4.3.1.3 Fouling in NF and RO Process 172
4.3.2 Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Systems 173
Contents ix
4.3.3 Forward Osmosis Systems 175
4.3.3.1 Draw Solution and Recovery System 177
4.3.3.2 Fouling in FO Systems 177
4.4 Membrane Operations in Wastewater Management 178
4.4.1 Membrane Bioreactor 178
4.4.1.1 MBR Configurations 179
4.4.1.2 MBR Performance Determination and
Affecting Factors 179
4.4.1.3 Membrane Fouling in MBR System 180
4.4.2 Integrated Membrane Systems 181
4.4.2.1 Integration of Membrane Process with
Conventional Wastewater Treatment 181
4.4.2.2 MF/UF as NF/RO Pretreatment 182
4.4.3 High Retention Membrane Bioreactors 183
4.4.3.1 Nanofiltration Membrane Bioreactor 183
4.4.3.2 Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor 184
4.4.3.3 Membrane Distillation Bioreactor 185
4.5 Existing Membrane Processes 185
4.5.1 Food Industries 186
4.5.1.1 Potato Starch Production 187
4.5.1.2 Treatment of Wastewater from
Fruit Juice Production 187
4.5.1.3 Wastewater from Seafood Industries 188
4.5.1.4 Wastewater from the Olive Oil
Mill Industry 189
4.5.2 Pulp and Paper Industries 190
4.5.3 Textile Industry 191
4.5.4 Laundry Industries 192
4.5.5 Landfill Leachate 193
4.6 Industrial Development of Membrane Modules 194
4.6.1 Conventional Membrane Modules 194
4.6.2 Developing Membrane Modules in Industry 196
4.6.2.1 Low-differential-pressure
Spiral-wound Modules 196
4.6.2.2 Full-fit Spiral-wound Modules 197
4.6.2.3 High-productivity Spiral-wound
Modules 197
4.6.2.4 Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing
(VSEP) Modules 197
4.6.2.5 Other Module Developments 197
4.7 Conclusion 198
References 198