Nanostructured, Functional, and Flexible Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage Systems PDF
Preview Nanostructured, Functional, and Flexible Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage Systems
NANOSTRUCTURED, FUNCTIONAL, AND FLEXIBLE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE SYSTEMS Edited by ALAGARSAMY PANDIKUMAR PERUMAL RAMESHKUMAR Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorage andretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowto seekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professional practices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasa matterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofany methods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-819552-9 ForinformationonallElsevierpublicationsvisitourwebsite athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:ChristinaGifford EditorialProjectManager:GabrielaD.Capille ProductionProjectManager:NirmalaArumugam CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contributors RafaelAbargues UMDO,InstitutodeCienciadelosMateriales,UniversidaddeValencia,Valencia,Spain SouravAcharya DepartmentofChemistry,IIT(ISM)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India SomasundaramAnbuAnjugamVandarkuzhali NationalCentreforCatalysisResearch,IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras,Chennai, TamilNadu,India A.Arulraj GrapheneandAdvanced2DMaterialsResearchGroup(GAMRG),SchoolofScienceand Technology,SunwayUniversity,Selangor,Malaysia SaravanaVadivuArunachalam DepartmentofChemistry,SchoolofAdvancedSciences,KalasalingamAcademyof ResearchandEducation,Virudhunagar,TamilNadu,India NorfatehahBasiron SchoolofMaterials&MineralResourcesEngineering,EngineeringCampus,Universiti SainsMalaysia,NibongTebal,PulauPinang,Malaysia R.JosephBensingh AdvancedResearchSchoolforTechnologyandProductSimulation(ARSTPS),Schoolfor AdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP),CentralInstituteofPlasticsEngineeringand Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India GaneshChandraNayak DepartmentofChemistry,IIT(ISM)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India MyongYongChoi DepartmentofChemistryandResearchInstituteofNaturalScience,GyeongsangNational University,Jinju,Gyeongnam,RepublicofKorea ShrabaniDe DepartmentofChemistry,IIT(ISM)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India DuraisamiDhamodharan CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter, ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China NidhinDivakaran CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter, ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China xi xii Contributors KingshukDutta AdvancedResearchSchoolforTechnologyandProductSimulation(ARSTPS),Schoolfor AdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP),CentralInstituteofPlasticsEngineeringand Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India ChandraSekharEspenti DepartmentofChemistry,RajeevGandhiMemorialCollegeofEngineeringand Technology,Kurnool,AndhraPradesh,India A.Gowrisankar DepartmentofChemistry,BharathiarUniversity,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India VasanthRajendiranJothi DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,HanyangUniversity,Seongdong-gu,Seoul, SouthKorea Ho-YoungJung DepartmentofEnvironment&EnergyEngineering,ChonnamNationalUniversity, Gwangju,RepublicofKorea;CenterforEnergyStorageSystem,ChonnamNational University,Gwangju,RepublicofKorea M.AbdulKader AdvancedResearchSchoolforTechnologyandProductSimulation(ARSTPS),Schoolfor AdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP),CentralInstituteofPlasticsEngineeringand Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India ManojB.Kale CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter, ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China K.Karthick AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),CSIR-Campus,NewDelhi, India;MaterialsElectrochemistry(ME)Division,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearch Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India K.Karuppasamy DivisionofElectronicsandElectricalEngineering,DonggukUniversity-Seoul,Seoul, SouthKorea Hyun-SeokKim DivisionofElectronicsandElectricalEngineering,DonggukUniversity-Seoul,Seoul, SouthKorea VijayS.Kumbhar DepartmentofEnergyChemicalEngineering,SchoolofNano&MaterialsScienceand Engineering,KyungpookNationalUniversity,Sangju,Gyeonsang-daero,Republicof Korea SubrataKundu MaterialsElectrochemistry(ME)Division,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearch Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India Contributors xiii N.LakshmanaReddy NanocatalysisandSolarFuelsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofMaterialsScience& Nanotechnology,YogiVemanaUniversity,Kadapa,AndhraPradesh,India;Departmentof EnergyChemicalEngineering,SchoolofNano&MaterialsScienceandEngineering, KyungpookNationalUniversity,Sangju,Gyeonsang-daero,RepublicofKorea SeungJunLee DepartmentofChemistryandResearchInstituteofNaturalScience,GyeongsangNational University,Jinju,Gyeongnam,RepublicofKorea KiyoungLee DepartmentofEnergyChemicalEngineering,SchoolofNano&MaterialsScienceand Engineering,KyungpookNationalUniversity,Sangju,Gyeonsang-daero,Republicof Korea N.Malarvizhi DepartmentofChemistry,GuruNanakCollege,Chennai,TamilNadu,India JuanP.Martínez-Pastor UMDO,InstitutodeCienciadelosMateriales,UniversidaddeValencia,Valencia,Spain SuhailMubarak CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter, ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China A.Murali SchoolforAdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP)-ARSTPS,CentralInstituteofPlastics Engineering&Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India A.Nichelson DepartmentofPhysics,NationalEngineeringCollege,K.R.Nagar,Kovilpatti,Tamil Nadu,India S.T.Nishanthi ElectrochemicalPowerSourcesDivision,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearch Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India AlagarsamyPandikumar FunctionalMaterialsDivision,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearchInstitute, Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India S.Priya DepartmentofPlantBiology&Biotechnology,LoyolaCollege,Chennai,TamilNadu, India AlagarRamar GraduateInstituteofAppliedScienceandTechnology,NationalTaiwanUniversityof ScienceandTechnology,Taipei,Taiwan,RepublicofChina PedroJ.Rodríguez-Canto(cid:1) UMDO,InstitutodeCienciadelosMateriales,UniversidaddeValencia,Valencia,Spain xiv Contributors T.Sadhasivam DepartmentofEnvironment&EnergyEngineering,ChonnamNationalUniversity, Gwangju,RepublicofKorea;CenterforEnergyStorageSystem,ChonnamNational University,Gwangju,RepublicofKorea KhairulArifahSaharudin SchoolofMaterials&MineralResourcesEngineering,EngineeringCampus,Universiti SainsMalaysia,NibongTebal,PulauPinang,Malaysia SumantaSahoo DepartmentofChemistry,IIT(ISM)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India M.Sakar CentreforNanoandMaterialSciences,JainUniversity,Bangalore,Karnataka,India S.SamSankar AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),CSIR-Campus,NewDelhi, India;MaterialsElectrochemistry(ME)Division,CSIR-CentralElectrochemicalResearch Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India T.Saravanakumar DepartmentofNanoscienceandTechnology,AnnaUniversityRegionalCampus, Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India M.Selvaraj DepartmentofChemistry,GuruNanakCollege,Chennai,TamilNadu,India T.Selvaraju DepartmentofChemistry,BharathiarUniversity,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India T.Senthil AdvancedResearchSchoolforTechnologyandProductSimulation(ARSTPS),Schoolfor AdvancedResearchinPolymers(SARP),CentralInstituteofPlasticsEngineeringand Technology(CIPET),Chennai,TamilNadu,India M.V.Shankar NanocatalysisandSolarFuelsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofMaterialsScience& Nanotechnology,YogiVemanaUniversity,Kadapa,AndhraPradesh,India ParamasivamShanmugam DepartmentofChemistry,St.JosephUniversity,Dimapur,Nagaland,India SubramanianSingaravadivel DepartmentofChemistry,SSMInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Dindigul,Tamil Nadu,India GandhiSivaraman DepartmentofChemistry,GandhigramRuralInstituteeDeemedtobeUniversity, Gandhigram,TamilNadu,India AnanthakumarSoosaimanickam UMDO,InstitutodeCienciadelosMateriales,UniversidaddeValencia,Valencia,Spain Contributors xv SrimalaSreekantan SchoolofMaterials&MineralResourcesEngineering,EngineeringCampus,Universiti SainsMalaysia,NibongTebal,PulauPinang,Malaysia TammineniVenkataSurendra DepartmentofChemistry,RajeevGandhiMemorialCollegeofEngineeringand Technology,Kurnool,AndhraPradesh,India WaqasHassanTanveer ResearchCentreforCarbonSolutions,Heriot-WattUniversity,Edinburgh,United Kingdom;DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,SchoolofMechanicaland ManufacturingEngineering,NationalUniversityofSciencesandTechnology(NUST), Islamabad,Pakistan JayaramanTheerthagiri DepartmentofChemistryandResearchInstituteofNaturalScience,GyeongsangNational University,Jinju,Gyeongnam,RepublicofKorea;CentreofExcellenceforEnergy Research,CentreforNanoscienceandNanotechnology,SathyabamaInstituteofScience andTechnology(DeemedtobeUniversity),Chennai,TamilNadu,India DhanasekaranVikraman DivisionofElectronicsandElectricalEngineering,DonggukUniversity-Seoul,Seoul, SouthKorea Fu-MingWang GraduateInstituteofAppliedScienceandTechnology,NationalTaiwanUniversityof ScienceandTechnology,Taipei,Taiwan,RepublicofChina LaiChinWei Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,InstituteforAdvancedStudies,University ofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia LixinWu CASKeyLaboratoryofDesignandAssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure,FujianKey LaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchontheStructureofMatter, ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,Fujian,China Sung-ChulYi DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,HanyangUniversity,Seongdong-gu,Seoul,South Korea;DepartmentofHydrogenandFuelCellTechnology,HanyangUniversity,Seoul, SouthKorea CHAPTER 1 Basic principles in energy conversion and storage Jayaraman Theerthagiri1,2,a, Seung Jun Lee1,a, Paramasivam Shanmugam3, Myong Yong Choi1 1DepartmentofChemistryandResearchInstituteofNaturalScience,GyeongsangNationalUniversity, Jinju,Gyeongnam,RepublicofKorea;2CentreofExcellenceforEnergyResearch,Centrefor NanoscienceandNanotechnology,SathyabamaInstituteofScienceandTechnology(Deemedtobe University),Chennai,TamilNadu,India;3DepartmentofChemistry,St.JosephUniversity,Dimapur, Nagaland,India 1. Introduction Energy is indisputably one of the foremost issues of modern society and plays an important role in economic growth. In the current energy sce- nario, researchers have particularly focused on the production and con- sumption of energy. However, energy consumption increase is inevitable because of the growing population and economic growth in developing countries. Nevertheless, the tremendous exploitation of fossil fuels as nonrenewable sources has raised concerns about the lack of energy re- sources and CO emissions that deteriorate the environment [1e3]. To 2 overcometheseissues,anaffordable,clean,andrenewableenergyresource, which can be an alternative to fossil fuels, is urgently required. As an importantsteptowardtheutilizationofrenewableenergyresources,energy storage and conversion devices have attracted global attention. Highly efficient electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices with minimal toxicity, low cost, and flexibility in energy utilization are considered to meet the ever-expanding energy demand in electric vehicles (EV), consumer electronics, and miniaturized devices. The performance of the electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices is closely associated with physicochemical properties of materials utilized. For example, materials with limited electrochemical active surface sites and bulk materials with slow diffusion cannot be utilized in energy devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. Also, the low electrocatalytic behavior of energy materials is not suitable for making highly efficient aTheseauthors contributedequallytothiswork. Nanostructured,Functional,andFlexibleMaterialsforEnergy ConversionandStorageSystems ISBN978-0-12-819552-9 ©2020ElsevierInc. 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819552-9.00001-4 Allrightsreserved. 2 Nanostructured,Functional,andFlexibleMaterialsforEnergyConversionandStorageSystems dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and fuel cells [4e6]. On the other hand, nanomaterials with exceptional surface structures have gained immense interest because of their unique electrical and mechanical properties, and theirsurfacepropertiesalsoplayavitalroleintheelectrochemicalbehavior. The advent of nanotechnology offers a new platform for the design and fabrication of energy materials with nanosized structures. Thus, the per- formance of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices has highly benefitted from the field of nanotechnology. This chapter outlines the specific features, basic landscape, general components,andperformanceevaluationofvariouselectrochemicalenergy storage and conversion devices, such as batteries, supercapacitors, DSSCs, photocatalytic hydrogenproduction viawatersplitting,andfuel cells. Also, nanostructured materials in energy storage and conversion technologies are emphasized. 2. Lithium batteries Lithium-ionbatteries(LIBs)are themostpromisingcandidatesforportable electronics and EV applications. It was first developed in Japan by Asahi Kasei Company in 1991. The first rechargeable LIB made up of LiCoO 2 cathode and graphite anode was commercialized by Sony [7]. Currently, available LIBs in the market possess high energy density and good per- formance, as lithium is the lightest metal and most electropositive metallic element ((cid:1)3.04V vs. standard hydrogen electrode) and therefore enables anelectrochemicalstoragedevicewithhighenergydensities[8].Moreover, LIBs can undergo more than 1000 charge/discharge cycles and can be manufactured in various sizes and dimensions. The maintenance of LIBs is quite simple compared with the other battery technologies, such as leadeacid, NaeNiCl , and NieMH batteries. The LIB technology has 2 beenwidely used in electronic devices and hasrecently beenintroduced to thehybridEVmarketasasuitablecandidatetopowerelectriccars[9].Still, researchers have been focusing on electrodes, electrolyte materials, and designsofthistechnologytodecreasethecost,improvethecyclinglife,and increase the safety. 2.1 Battery principle and basics A LIB is a type of rechargeable energy storage device that converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy by means of chemical reactions of lithium. The simplest unit of LIBs called electrochemical cell consists of
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