Nanoplasmonics: From Fundamentals to Applications, Proceedings of the 2 International Nanophotonics Symposium Handai PDF
Preview Nanoplasmonics: From Fundamentals to Applications, Proceedings of the 2 International Nanophotonics Symposium Handai
Preface The second volume of the Handai Nanophotonics Book Series features "Nanoplasmonics," a recent hot topic in nanophotonics, impacting a diverse range of research disciplines from information technology and nanotechnology to bio- and medical sciences. The interaction between photons and metal nanostructures leads to interesting and extraordinary scientific phenomena and produces new functions for nano materials and devices. Newly discovered physical phenomena include local mode of surface plasmon polariton excited in nanoparticles, hot spots on nano-rods and nano-cones, long range mode of surface plasmons excited on thin metal films, and dispersion relationship bandgaps of surface plasmons in periodic metal structures. These have been applied to, for example, single molecule detection and nano-imaging/spectroscopy, photon accumulation for lasing applications, optical nano-waveguides and nano-circuits. In July 2004, we had a two-day symposium with distinct scientists to discuss the latest progress in this exciting field. The second volume was co-authored by those participants. The book starts with a statement by John Pendry, the pioneer of nanoplasmonics. The first part, the theory of nanoplasmonics, includes four chapters written by Shalaev, Martin-Morenoa, Fukui, and Takahara. The second part, plasmonic enhanced spectroscopy and molecular dynamics, is written by Watanabe, Futamata, Hayashi, Ishida, Kajikawa, Ozaki, and Asahi. In part 3, recent progress of plasmonic materials and devices are reviewed by Okamoto, Pileni, Yamada, Yoshikawa, Sun, and Ishihara. In addition, we had quite a few participants sharing the common interest in exciting nanophotonics science, although they were not able to contribute to this book. We would like to thank all the contributors and participants to the Handai Nanophotonics Book Series and Handai Nanophotonics Symposium 2. Satoshi Kawata and Hiroshi Masuhara at Handai, Suita, Japan iiv Dedicated to the late professor Osamu Nakamura Osamu Nakamura Professor of Applied Physics and Frontier Biosciences, March 23, 1962 to January 23, 2004, who has ever loved the optical science and microscopy. Osamu Nakamura made a great contribution to computed-tomography microscopy, confocal laser microscopy, super-resolved nano-imaging theory, near-infrared bio-medical spectroscopy, and many other related nano-scale photon science and technologies. He has served the international community by organizing international conferences, inviting international scientists and students to Osaka, and fostering international research collaborations. He published a number of papers in nanophotonics and biophotonics, for imaging analysis, diagnosis, and fabrication. Professor Nakamura visited the conference site of the Handai Nanophotonics Symposium II in July 2004 in his wheel chair and exchanged friendship with his old friends. In his funeral, hundreds of his friends and students came to farewell him. eW all miss him, and wish he will guide us. iiiv Organization of The International Nanophotonics Symposium Handai on Plasmonics: from fundamentals ot applications Sponsored by Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan The Murata Science Foundation Handai Frontier Research Center, Osaka University Nanonet The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has started Nanotechnology Support Project, the five year project, ot strategically promote Japanese nanotechnology research collaborations among industry, academia, and government. The major roles of Nanotechnology Support Project era )i( providing opportunities to use Ultra-HV TEM, Nano Foundries, Synchrotron Radiation, and Molecular Synthesis and Analysis through Japanese top institutions attending the project, and (ii) providing information on both Japanese and International nanotechnology research activities. oT perform these activities smoothly, "Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan )tenonaN( was launched in 2002. Chairpersons Satoshi Kawata (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University; Nanophotonics Lab, RIKEN) Hiroshi Masuhara (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University) Local Organizing Committee Osamu Nakamura (Department of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University) Takayuki Okamoto (Nanophotonics Lab, RIKEN) Yasushi Inouye (Department of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University) Tsuyoshi Asahi (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University) Hong-Bo Sun (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University) Katsumasa Fujita (Department of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University) Satoru Shoji (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University) Taro Ichimura (Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University) ix Introductory Remarks to the Handai Proceedings Since the beginning of recorded history light has been both a subject of natural curiosity and a tool for investigation of other phenomena. So closely is light linked to our understanding of the world that "I see" can mean the same as "I understand". Light brought the first information about the distant objects of our universe, and light revealed the first secrets of the microscopic world. Yet in recent times, despite its continuing importance in our lives, there are signs that light is losing its grip on the frontiers of technology. To 'see' the very small we turn to the electron microscope, or the scanning tunneling microscope. These tools are commonly deployed in the world of nanotechnology which is the focus of huge research investment and, through the semiconductor chip, has already revolutionised our lives. The photon with its scarcely sub-micron wavelength is a clumsy and myopic beast in this new world where the electron easily outclasses it in compactness. Electronics has very much led the field in the world of nanotechnology all the way from integrated circuits to quantum dots. Yet the photon's ability to move around so rapidly with minimal disruption of the medium is still prized: there is still work to be done by this ancient tool. Here plasmonics steps into the limelight. A synthesis between light and the collective motion of electrons, the plasmon can move almost as quickly as light, but can also be gathered into incredibly small dimensions to challenge the electron itself in compactness. It naturally inhabits the world of nanotechnology. In this book we have articles by the leaders in this new field. As yet the commercial applications are relatively modest, but the promise is huge and the rich variety of topics represented shows just how much potential is waiting to be unlocked by our researchers. J. B. Pendry Imperial College London July 2005 ix Participants List Susumu Aruga SEIKO EPSON Corporation Takahiro Asada Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Tsuyoshi Asahi Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Harry Atwater Thomas .J Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology Kuo Pin Chiu Department of Physics, National Taiwan University iaT Chi Chu Department of Physics, National Taiwan University Xuan-Ming Duan Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (TIPC), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Jing Feng Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN Ulrich Fischer U.C. Fischer Physics Institute, University of Miienster Yuan Hsing Fu Department of Physics, National Taiwan University Ayako Fujii Department of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefecture University Akiko Fujita Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Katsumasa Fujita Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Masuo Fukui Department of Optical Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima Masayuki Futamata Nanoarchitectonics Research Center (NARC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Kazuyoshi Hakamata FDK Corporation Keisaku Hamada Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Tomoya Harada FDK Corporation Kazuhiro Hashimoto Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University Mamoru Hashimoto Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Shinji Hayashi Department of Electrical and Engineering, Kobe University Norihiko Hayazawa Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN Taro Ichimura Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Takashi Ihama Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Ryoichi Imanaka Handai FRC, Osaka University Akio Inoshita Techno Search Yasushi Inouye Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Akito Ishida Department of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefecture University xii Participants List Teruya Ishihara Exciton Engineering Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN Hidekazu Ishitobi Handai FRC, Osaka University Syoji Ito Division of Frontier Materials Science, Osaka University Masayuki Ito AISIN COSMOS R&D Corporation Tamitake Itoh Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University Takashi Iwamoto Shimadzu Corporation Shigeki Iwanaga Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Yuqiang Jiang State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Shanxi University Takamasa Kai Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Kotaro Kajikawa Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Koshiro Kaneko Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Yosuke Kanki Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University Jun-ichi Kato Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN Kazuya Kawahara Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Kosuke Kawahara NEC Machinery Corporation Satoshi Kawata Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Ryoichi Kitahara Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Minoru Kobayashi Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Maximilian Kreiter Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung Aaron Lewis Department of Applied Physics and The Center for Neural Computation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Xiangang Luo Exciton Engineering Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN Hiroshi Masuhara Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Ryota Matsui Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Luis Martin Moreno Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, ICMA-CSIC, University of Zaragoza Yuji Morimoto Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College uY Nabetani Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Osamu Nakamura Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Toshihiro Nakamura Department of Electrical and Engineering, Kobe University Sana Nakanishi Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Participants List xiii Takashi Nakano National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Yasuro Niidome Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University Kimihiko Nishioka Olympus Corporation Hiroshi Noge Matsushita Electric Works, Limited Wataru Nomura Department of Electronics Engineering, The University of Tokyo Toshihiko Ochi Enplas Laboratories, Inc. Isamu Oh Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Keishi Ohashi NEC Corporation Takayuki Okamoto Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN Kaoru Okamoto Canon Inc. Kazunori Okihira Department of Electrical and Engineering, Kobe University Masatoshi Osawa Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University Taisuke Ota Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Oskar Painter Thomas .J Watson, .rS Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology John Pendry The Blackett Lab., Imperial College London Marie-Paule Pileni Faculty of Science, University P & M Curie Yuika Saito Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN Suguru Sangu Ricoh Company, Limited Akihiro Sato Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Vladimir .M Shalaev School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University Akiyoshi Shibuya Zeon Corporation Ayako Shinjo Department of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefecture University Koichiro Shirota Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN Satoru Shoji Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Michel Sliwa Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Nicholas Smith Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Takayoshi Suganuma Enplas Laboratories Inc. Teruki Sugiyama Department of Applied Physics & Handai FRC, Osaka University Yung Doug Suh Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Fumika Sumiyama Department of Information and Physical Sciences, Osaka University Hong-Bo Sun Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Qian Sun College of Physics, Nankai University Tom Suwa Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University xiv Participants List Takuji Tada Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Atsushi Taguchi Department of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Kenji Takada Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Junichi Takahara Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Kenji Takubo Shimadzu Corporation Mamoru Tanabe Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Kazuo Tanaka Department of Electronics dna Computer Engineering, Gifu University Hiroaki Tanaka Murata Mfg Company Limited. Yoshito Tanaka Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Nao Terasaki Photonics Research Institute, AIST oyR Toyota Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Din Ping iasT Department of Physics, National Taiwan University Tomoya Uchiyama Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Yasuo Ueda Sumitomo Titanium Corporation Arvind Vengurlekar Frontier Research System, RIKEN Prabhat Verma Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Hiroyuki Watanabe Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Tadaaki Yabubayashi Sumitomo Precision Products Company Limited Sunao Yamada Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University Yoshimichi Yamada Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Kazuo Yamamoto Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Peilin Perry Yang Department of Physics, National Taiwan University Takaaki onaY Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Ryohei Yasukuni Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Hiroyuki Yoshikawa Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Yasuo Yoshikawa Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University Masayuki ikuY International Reagents Corporation Kenichi Yuyama Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University Remo E Zaccaria Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University xv c Q.. 0 ~ i,m DC c o~ 0 :c.. " {'~ ~0 ~ ajO MC ~ "SE 0 c c t~ 0,.., ~d (... Handai Nanophotonics, Volume 2 S. Kawata and H. Masuhara (Editors) (cid:14)9 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Magnetic plasmon resonance A. K. Sarychev ,a G. Shvets ,b and V. M. Shalaev ~ aEthertronics Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, bDepartment of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 ~School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 The optical properties of nanostructured metamaterials have been intensively studied during the last decade. It has been proposed by Pendry, who further developed earlier studies on negative refraction 1,2 that a metamaterial with negative dielectric permittivity c and negative magnetic permeability g could be used for developing a super-lens providing a sub-wavelength resolution. According to Pendry, when the scattered light passes through a material with a negative refractive index (specifically, when n=~fe-~=-I and the two impedances are matched), the evanescent components of the scattered field grow exponentially, allowing the restoration of the scattered image with subwavelength resolution. Smith, Padilla, Vier, and Shultz 3 have demonstrated negative-refraction materials in the microwave range. These materials are also referred to as double-negative or left-handed materials (LHMs), because the electric field and magnetic field along with the wavevector form a left-handed system in this case. In addition to super resolution, the unusual and sometimes counter-intuitive properties of LHMs make them very promising for applications in resonators, waveguides and other microwave and optical elements (see 4 and 5-7). Huge enhancement of the local em field, accompanying the subwavelength resolution, can be used to enhanced Raman and nonlinear spectroscopy of atoms and molecules distributed over the surface of a LHM. In spite of large efforts LHMs have not been demonstrated yet in the optical range. To obtain a negative refraction in the optical range, one needs to have a metamaterial with optical magnetism, which is a challenging problem because magnetism is typically weak in the hi~h-freauencv range. Relaxation
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