Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications: Energy Conversion and Chemical Transformations PDF
Preview Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications: Energy Conversion and Chemical Transformations
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World Inamuddin Mohd Imran Ahamed Abdullah M. Asiri Eric Lichtfouse Editors Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications Energy Conversion and Chemical Transformations Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World Volume 31 Serieseditors Eric Lichtfouse, Aix-Marseille University, CEREGE, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France,Aix-en-Provence,France JanSchwarzbauer,RWTHAachenUniversity,Aachen,Germany Didier Robert, CNRS, European Laboratory for Catalysis and Surface Sciences, Saint-Avold,France OtherPublicationsbytheEditors Books EnvironmentalChemistry http://www.springer.com/978-3-540-22860-8 OrganicContaminantsinRiverineandGroundwaterSystems http://www.springer.com/978-3-540-31169-0 SustainableAgriculture Volume1:http://www.springer.com/978-90-481-2665-1 Volume2:http://www.springer.com/978-94-007-0393-3 Bookseries EnvironmentalChemistryforaSustainableWorld http://www.springer.com/series/11480 SustainableAgricultureReviews http://www.springer.com/series/8380 Journals EnvironmentalChemistryLetters http://www.springer.com/10311 Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/11480 (cid:129) Inamuddin Mohd Imran Ahamed (cid:129) Abdullah M. Asiri Eric Lichtfouse Editors Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications Energy Conversion and Chemical Transformations Editors Inamuddin MohdImranAhamed ChemistryDepartment,Faculty DepartmentofChemistry ofScience AligarhMuslimUniversity KingAbdulazizUniversity Aligarh,India Jeddah,SaudiArabia AbdullahM.Asiri EricLichtfouse ChemistryDepartment,Faculty CEREGE,CNRS,IRD,INRA,CollFrance ofScience Aix-MarseilleUniversity KingAbdulazizUniversity Aix-en-Provence,France Jeddah,SaudiArabia ISSN2213-7114 ISSN2213-7122 (electronic) EnvironmentalChemistryforaSustainableWorld ISBN978-3-030-04948-5 ISBN978-3-030-04949-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04949-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019932801 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface v vi Preface Theglobalenergycrisisandclimate changehavebeenlabelledasthemostcritical environmentalchallengesintermsofbothresearchandremediation.Non-renewable energy resources fulfil nearly 85% of world energy demands leading to global warming and depletion of resources. The exhaustion of finite fuels should be addressedforasustainableenergyfuture.Therefore,researchisongoingtoharness therenewableenergyduringtheprocessessuchasphotocatalyticandbioproduction of hydrogen and other fuels. The use of renewable sources of energy and the mitigation of climate change or global warming are interrelated, and, if both are workeduponsimultaneously,itcertainlywillmakeadifference. The increasing global demand for energy is a result of a population explosion, whichisdemandingtheintentiontowardsthedevelopmentofeffectivestrategiesfor energy conversion and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This can obvi- ously be achieved by focussing on non-fossil sources of energy such as solar, thermal,hydrogenandnuclearenergyaswellasCO captureandphotoconversion 2 ofCO intofuels.Advancedoxidationprocesseshaveevolvedduringtheyears,and 2 scientists are using photocatalysis for energy conversion especially harnessing of solarenergy. PhotocatalyticwatersplittingforH andO productionusingsemiconductorsis 2 2 the most promising fields as a green technology that is accounted for economic importance. The direct semiconductors mediated water splitting for hydrogen gen- erationascleanfuelcanbeperformedonalargescaleforpracticalapplications.In general,therearemanyefficientcatalystsreportedforthesame,buttheseareactive inultravioletlightonly.Thechallengestillliesindesigninglow-costcatalyststhat showhighquantumefficiency,abilitytoworkundervisibleandsunlightaswellas the ability to work without noble metals as co-catalysts. Many works with high quantum efficiencies have reported on solar- and visible-powered hydrogen emis- sionbydesigning novelcatalysts bysurface modifications, sensitizations,immobi- lization, formation of Z-scheme junctions, dye-sensitized solar cells, etc. Recently, significantprogressismadetodevelopandengineervariousphotocatalystsforthis purpose. The prime solution is bandgap engineering that involves bandgap broad- ening or narrowing, interparticle electron coupling, reducing recombination of chargecarriers,plasmon-excitoncouplingandhighsurfaceenergyofthecatalysts. Additionally,combustionoffuelsandindustrialeffluentshasbeenthreateningas theyreleasealarmingamountsofgreenhousegasasCO .Accordingtothevarious 2 studies,theCO levelmayreach750ppmandraisetheglobaltemperaturefurther. 2 PhotocatalyticreductionofCO intosyngas,methane,carbonmonoxide,methanol, 2 formicacidandformaldehydehasitsownadvantagesasloweringofgreenhousegas levels and energy productionsimultaneously. Photocatalytic reduction of CO into 2 fuelsis,however,morecomplicatedprocessascomparedtowatersplitting.Thisis becauseofitsdependenceonthermodynamicsandkineticsoflightabsorption,band potentials,chargeseparationandlargelytheactivationofcatalyst,i.e.adsorptionof CO . Various organic materials as part of catalysts or supports such as carbon 2 nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nitride, etc. for CO activation as 2 adsorption and interaction with the catalyst is an important requirement of the reaction.Inaddition,veryfewsolaractivecatalystsareavailablewhicharecapable Preface vii ofreducingcarbondioxide.ThephotocatalyticconversionofCO intofuelsisinits 2 embryonicstage,andasubstantialdevelopmentandprogressarestillrequired.Itis therefore important to study and analyse various catalysts and technologies devel- opedsofarforbettermodificationandupgradation.Amongvariousenergyconver- sionapplications,photocatalysishasalsobeenpromisingforremovalofNO gases, x volatile organic carbon removal, air clean-up filters and catalytic converters for vehicleexhausts. Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications: Energy Conversion and ChemicalTransformationsisfocussedonfuelproductionasasourceofrenewable energyusingphotocatalysis.Theapplicationofphotocatalysisisdiscussedinareas suchasfuelproductionincludingcarbonmonoxide,formicacid,methanol,methane and hydrogen and CO reduction and water splitting, water purification and purifi- 2 cation of food industry wastewater and organic synthesis using various types of photocatalytic materials such as quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, metal oxides, Z-scheme photocatalysts, metal organic frameworks, composites and poly- meric semiconductors. This is beneficial for analysing the current progress under- way,whichcertainlypaveswaysfornewdirectionsforbreakthroughtechnologiesto bedeveloped.Basedonthematictopics,thebookeditioncontainsthefollowingnine chapters: Chapter 1 gives an overview of the main methods to obtain quantum dots and someexamplesoftheiruseasaphotocatalystforfuelproduction. Chapter2summarizestheworksonthephotocatalytichydrogenproductionusing highlystableTiO -basedheterostructuredphotocatalysts.Theemphasisisgivenon 2 three important characteristics, namely, UV-active TiO -based photocatalysts, 2 visible-active TiO -based photocatalysts and the effects of various carbon 2 nanostructures on the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficacy of TiO -based 2 heterostructuredphotocatalysts. Chapter3highlightsthemethodofsynthesisofphotocatalystsandtheirpossible modificationforperformanceenhancementinwatersplittingandCO reduction. 2 Chapter 4providesthebasic principles,terminologies,concepts,state-of-the-art achievementsandthechargetransfermechanismofthephotocatalyticreductionof CO usingartificialZ-schemephotocatalysts.Inspiteofthese,thedevelopmenton 2 semiconductor photocatalytic materials from the perspective of light harvesting as well as the co-catalyst strategy for potentially boosting the activity and/or product selectivityforthephotocatalyticreductionofCO alongwiththefuturedirectionof 2 researchusingZ-schemesystemsarealsodiscussedandhighlighted. Chapter 5deals withtheimportanceof photocatalysts and their applicationsfor artificialphotosynthesis.Theprimaryphotosyntheticapplicationsofphotocatalysts suchassupramolecularartificialphotosyntheticsystems,covalentlylinkedmolecu- larsystemsandgeneralmechanismofphotosynthesisarealsodiscussedindetail. Chapter 6 discusses various chemical methodologies, properties and photocatalytic applications of polymeric semiconductors (carbon nitride, C N ), 3 4 graphene, and metal-organic framework (MOF)-based hybrid nanostructured photocatalystsforthewaterpurificationandthesolarhydrogenproduction. viii Preface Chapter 7 summarizes the innovative aspects of the applicability of photocatalysis and technological advances with particular attention to the photocatalytic energy recovery, organic synthesis and new reactor configurations. Inparticular,thechapterdiscussesthepossibilitytoproduceanenergysourcesuch as hydrogen and/or methane from the degradation of organic substance present in wastewaterbyheterogeneousphotocatalysis.Thechapteralsoreportssimultaneous valorization and purification of food industry wastewater using structured photocatalysts. Chapter 8 focusses on some important nano-semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO ,ZnOandgraphiticcarbonnitrideandvariousstrategiesadoptedforimproving 2 theirphotocatalyticactivityundersunlight.Differentmethodsforimprovingvisible lightactivephotocatalystsincludingmetal/nonmetaldoping,theadditionofphoto- sensitivematerials,theincorporationofothernanoparticles,thecompositeformation withothersemiconductorsandtheformationofheterojunctionsandnanohybridsare discussed. Chapter 9 reviews the state-of-the-art progresses in the use of common photocatalyticmaterialsforthepurposeoffourimportantclassesoforganicsynthe- sis, namely, oxidation of alcohols, oxidative cleavage of olefins, reduction of nitro compounds and cyclisation; carbon-hetero bond formation and alkylation will be reviewed. Jeddah,SaudiArabia Inamuddin Aligarh,India MohdImranAhamed Jeddah,SaudiArabia AbdullahM.Asiri Aix-en-Provence,France EricLichtfouse Contents 1 NanophotocatalystsforFuelProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AnneliseKoppAlves 2 HighlyStableMetalOxide-BasedHeterostructured PhotocatalystsforanEfficientPhotocatalyticHydrogen Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 MurikinatiMamathaKumari,RaghavaReddyKakarla, N.RameshReddy,U.Bhargava,M.V.Shankar,andS.K.Soni 3 NoveltyinDesigningofPhotocatalystsforWaterSplitting andCO Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2 SantanuSarkar,ShubhrajitSarkar,ChiranjibBhattacharjee, andSupriyaSarkar 4 Z-SchemePhotocatalystsfortheReductionofCarbonDioxide: RecentAdvancesandPerspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 XiaodiZhuandSongSun 5 PhotocatalystsforArtificialPhotosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 BusraBalli,BuseDemirkan,BetulSen,andFatihSen 6 PolymericSemiconductorsasEfficientPhotocatalystsfor WaterPurificationandSolarHydrogenProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . 125 SudeshKumar,RaghavaReddyKakarla,Ch.VenkataReddy, EnamulHaque,VeeraSadhu,andS.Naveen 7 AdvancesandInnovationsinPhotocatalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 GiuseppinaIervolino,VincenzoVaiano,andPaoloCiambelli 8 SolarLightActiveNano-photocatalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 JestyThomasandK.S.Ambili ix
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