Nanoparticles in life sciences and biomedicine

571 Pages·2018·4.744 MB·English

by  Neves, Ana Rute, Reis, Salette

Nanoparticles
in Life Sciences
and Biomedicine

Nanoparticles
in Life Sciences
and Biomedicine
edited by
Ana Rute Neves
Salette Reis
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.panstanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Nanoparticles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
Copyright © 2018 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,
without written permission from the publisher.
Cover image by José Plácido Lopes de Araújo
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 978-981-4745-98-7 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-351-20735-5 (eBook)
Ana Rute Neves
dedicates
this book to her
beloved sister,
Sílvia Pina Neves.

Contents
Preface
Part I Introduction xvii
1. Importance and Application of Nanotechnology for
Improving Existing Therapy 3
Ana Rute Neves and Salette Reis
Part II Oral Drug Delivery Approaches
2. Nanocarriers as a Strategy for Oral Bioavailability
Improvement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs 9
Luíse L. Chaves, Alexandre C. Vieira, Domingos Ferreira,
Bruno Sarmento, Salette Reis, and Sofia A. Costa Lima
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Oral Bioavailability 10
2.3 Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery 12
2.3.1 Polymeric-Based Nanocarriers 13
2.3.1.1 Polymeric nanoparticles 13
2.3.1.2 Polymeric micelles 15
2.3.2 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 17

2.3.2.1 Liposomes 18

2.3.2.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles 20
2.3.2.3 Nanostructured lipid carriers 22
2.4 Oral Absorption: Crossing the Intestinal Barrier 24
2.4.1 Nanocarrier Absorption Mechanisms 25
2.4.1.1 Passive transport 26
2.4.1.2 Carrier-mediated transport 27
2.4.2 Factors Affecting Nanocarriers’
Absorption 29
2.5 Nanocarriers’ Characterization: Issues and
Challenges 31
2.5.1 Polymorphism and Crystallinity 32
2.5.2 Drug Entrapment 33
viii Contents
2.5.3 Drug Release Profile 34
2.5.4 Permeability Assays 35
3. 2Sy.6n thesCiso anncdlu Aspiopnlisc ations of Amphiphilic Chitosan 37
Derivatives for Drug Delivery Applications 45
Daniella Silva, Andreia Almeida, Cláudia Azevedo,
Sérgio P. Campana-Filho, and Bruno Sarmento
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Structure and Characterization of Chitosan 47
3.3 Chitosan Amphiphilic Derivatives 49
3.3.1 Alkylation 49
3.3.2 Acylation 51
3.3.2.1 N-acylation reaction 51
3.3.2.2 O-Acylation reaction 53
3.3.2.3 Other chemical modifications 54
3.4 Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery
Systems 54
3.4.1 Polymer-Based Micelles 55
3.4.2 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles 56
3.5 Applications of Chitosan Amphiphilic
Derivatives in Drug Delivery 57
3.5.1 Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 58
3.5.2 Anti-Cancer Drugs 60
3.5.3 Proteins and Peptides 64
4. 3O.r6a l AdmCoinnicslturadtiinogn R oef mLiapridk-sB ased Delivery 66
Systems to Combat Infectious Diseases 75
Rita M. Pinto, Daniela Lopes, Cláudia Nunes,
Bruno Sarmento, and Salette Reis
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Oral Administration 78
4.3 Lipid-Based Delivery Systems 82
4.3.1 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 82
4.3.2 Preventing Infectious Diseases by Oral
Vaccines 84
4.3.3 Treating Infectious Diseases 87
4.3.3.1 Bacterial infections 88
4.3.3.2 Viral infections 90
Contents ix
4.3.3.3 Fungal infections 91
4.3.3.4 Parasitic infections 94
4.4 Evaluating Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 95
4.4.1 Studies to Assess Pharmacokinetic
Properties 95
4.4.2 Studies to Assess Therapeutic Efficacy 98
5. 4O.r5a l AdmCoinnicslturastioionns oafn Nd aFnuotpuarert Picelerssp aencdt iGveust 100
Microbiota–Mediated Effects 111
Ana Raquel Madureira and Manuela Pintado
5.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract 112
5.2 Gut Microbiota Composition and Functions 113
5.2.1 Please Do Not Disturb Gut Microbiota! 115
5.2.2 Oral Delivery of Nanoparticles and
Interactions with Gut Microbiota 116
5.3 Studies of the Effects of Orally Delivered
Nanoparticles 118
5.3.1 In vitro Studies 122
5.3.1.1 Human feces volunteer
donors 123
5.3.2 Animal Microbiota Studies 124
6. 5O.r4a l NanCootnecclhunsoiolongsi acanld A Fpuptruoraec hPeesr sfpoer c tives 126
Colon-Specific Drug Delivery 133
Rute Nunes, Bruno Sarmento, Salette Reis, and
Pedro Fonte
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Colon Anatomophysiological Features 135
6.3 Advantages and Limitations of
Colon-Specific Drug Delivery 138
6.4 Nanocarriers as Tools for Colon-Specific
Drug Delivery 140
6.4.1 pH-Sensitive Polymer Nanoparticles 141
6.4.2 Microbial-Triggered Drug Release
Nanoparticles 143
6.4.3 Time-Dependent Drug Release
Nanoparticles 144