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N The Tnhaen onsacnieonscceiesn acrees aa rrea pa idralyp idexlyp aenxdpianngd finiegld f ioefld r eosfe arercshea rch N N Nanomedicine The nanosciences are a rapidly expanding field of research Nanomedicine with a wide applicability to all areas of health. They encompass Nanomedicine with a wide applicability to all areas of health. They encompass a with a wide applicability to all areas of health. They encompass a a a variety of technologies ranging from particles to networks a variety of technologies ranging from particles to networks n a variety of technologies ranging from particles to networks n n and nanostructures. In this book Nanomedicine and Cancer and nanostructures. In this book Nanomedicine and Cancer o and nanostructures. In this book Nanomedicine and Cancer o and we fwoceu fso ocnu sn oann onmaneodmiciendei cainnde annadn ontaenchonteoclhongoyl oags ya paps laiepdp ltioe d to o andan d we focus on nanomedicine and nanotechnology as applied to m m cancer. We cover for example, basic introductory text, m cancer. We cover for example, basic introductory text, cancer. We cover for example, basic introductory text, nanoncaarnroniecaransro,r cieanrrasrn,i eornrsoa, dnson,ra onndoasrn,o odnpsar, nobonepasnr oobnpearsno obnpesala ntonfoparnlamotpfso,l armtfosr, ms, eee nanorings, nanotubes nanowires, nano-sensor arrays and a Cancer nanorings, nanotubes nanowires, nano-sensor arrays and a d Cancer nanorings, nanotubes nanowires, nano-sensor arrays and a d Cancer d variety of methodological techniques. This is done within the variety ofv mareitehtyod oofl mogeitchaol dteoclhongiiqcaule tse. cThhniisq iuse ds.o Tnhe iws iisth dino nteh ew ithin the ii framefwraomrfker waomof renkw uoomrfk en rooufum sne urcoamunescr eocrua tnsy cpceaern st.c yeCpr oetsny.t prCiebosu.n ttCorriobsn utatrroiebr sua tlaolr res aalrle all iccc leadinlega edxlipenaegdr etisxn pagne erdxt sap raeenr tcdsa aarrrnyed ic naagrrer o ycuiantr ggryr ooiunutgn g odru obtur genradok ubinnregda w bkrioneragkk .w inogr kw. ork. iinin n e e The book will be essential reading for oncologists, research e The book will be essential reading for oncologists, research The book will be essential reading for oncologists, research scientsicsitesn,s tcdiiseotnsc,tt iosdrtsso,,c thdoeroasc,lt tohhr esc,a althrhee aclptarhro ef ceasprsreioo fnepasrlsosif,o enspasailosth,n oapllosa,gt hispotalsot, hgoisltosg, ists, aaa biologbiisotlso,b gbioiisoltocsgh, biesmitosci,s hbteiso,m cchhiseetmms, ciisshttess, ma cnhisdet msp ahinsytdssi pacinhsdyts sp aichsiy swtssiec alilss a twss taehsllo w assee tlhl aoss teh ose nnn interested in disease and nanosciences or cancer in general. interested in disease and nanosciences or cancer in general. d interested in disease and nanosciences or cancer in general. d d Nanomedicine and Cancer is part of the collection of books on C Nanomedicine and Cancer is part of the collection of books on C Nanomedicine and Cancer is part of the collection of books on C Nanoscience Applied to Health and Medicine. Nanoscience Applied to Health and Medicine. Nanoscience Applied to Health and Medicine. aa a n n n c c c e e e r r r Victor RRajaventhan S Ed ABCDABCDGGeenneettiiccNNaa nnooppaarrttiicclleess ABCDABCDGGeennTT eeuuttiimmccooNNuuaarrnnccooeeppllllaarrAAttAAiinnccededNTTPNPnnttlliieexrxroouuttororuuiissppooIgIgmsanmsannnmmggmmABCDABCDrrdhhdeeccss eeoortrtRROOoomnmnoououossuuGGggllNNsDsDgxgxueuerrppcceeeeiiiiccnnoorrsAsANNccyy(nn(nneeoouuTTnnppttseseeessoosseellKKeessttookekeiicctt)ss)ccininffiimmnniiffttaaNNiieeiiccuunn ssaaTTttlglgooaannuuxxttoommooiiTTccAIAIpprrnnooooyyppaaccxxuuCCoorrrriiccttrreeppeeiiccccddaattlllloolleessrreeQRQRuuddsslleesslleeggaaiiuussssaa AAdd((iittmmGGssAAhhnniioouuededNTTPNPCCnnttiiiittnnssxrxroouuhhttororVVccuuiiooppooIgIgmsanmsaneenn))mmggeemmttrrdhhdeeccssrrhh ppeeoortrtaaRROOoomnmnooeeuouottssuuppggiillNNrrsDsDgxgxbbueuerrppyyaacceeiiiiiiccnnoorrsAsANNccppllyy(nn(eeiiTToouuTTttnnppttyysesessyyoouusseellKKCCeessookekettmmcctt)ss)ininooIDDIffiimmmmnniiff::oottaaiiee44iimmccuuuunn ssttlglgTTrroouuaann ccxxttccooiiTTAAeeeeccAIAIeerrnnlloonnrrllyyllCCppCCcclleexxssttCCooeeAArriissiieecctteeppppllAAeeuullnnlNNlddaaloolllttmmddededNTNTPPttnnllooddiissrrKKnneexrxruuooQRQRuuddttororsseeooesseuuii aappooeemmnnIgsaIgsaggnnaaiiecceggmmuussssrraattmmaarrddhh aaccesesee hh dd((eeooiitatarrttttRROOoommGGssllhhmnmnoohhlluuooii ssuullccoouuggsspplNlNCCssDDggxxiiCCttrrueueppttnnsslliieecciiiihhaavvVVooccnnssrArANNccccDDyy((nnooaaeeeeyyooTTuu))nnpptteeeesstt88ttsseeoorrhhiieessllppKKooeessaa ookekerreeccttttTTnn))ssppssininffiiiimmrriinnbb ffyyaattccaaiieeiiiiccuuppllnnee iissttttlglgyyllooaayyllssCCxxttttooiiTTooIDDIccAIAImmrrnnoo::yypp44ccmmxxCCoo rriiccTTeeuuppeenn aaddttllccoollAAeessrreeQRQRuuddsseennrreellCCggCCaaiilleeuussssssaatt eeiissdd((eeiittttmmGGssppllhhuulliilNNloouuloolmmddCCiiddttnnssKKnneehhVVccooesseoo aaee))ecceeerraattttaarrhhee hhpptataaallhheelltt ppllcciisspprrbbCCttyyaalliiiiaavvppllDDaaiiyyttyy88ttyyeeiiCCoo rrttTTnnssooIIDDmm ::cc44mmee TTlluullssnn ccAAeeeennrrllCCCClleesstteeiisseettpplluullllNNlloommddddKKnneeooeess aaeeccrraattaaee hhttaallhhll llccssppCCttlliiaavvDDaayy88tteeiioo rrTTnnss cceellllss i . Prirtor ras ej ea Editors ds Editors yk Editors a n RajRavaejnavthenanth Sanri rSarjiarsakjaasnkthananth an N10485 t Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan h Science Publishers a VictVoirc tRo.r PRr.e Pedreye dy Science Publishers n Victor R. Preedy Science Publishers 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue ScieSncciee nce New York, NY 10017 Science an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park PubPlisuhbelirsshers www.taylorandfrancisgroup.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK Publishers Nanomedicine and Cancer TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Nanomedicine and Cancer Editors Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan MBBS MD Department of Gastroenterology University Hospital Lewisham London UK Victor R. Preedy PhD DSc Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry School of Medicine King’s College London and Professor of Clinical Biochemistry King’s College Hospital UK Science Publishers Jersey, British Isles Enfi eld, New Hampshire CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20111214 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-9159-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface The nanosciences are a rapidly expanding fi eld of research with a wide applicability to all areas of health. They encompass a variety of technologies ranging from particles to networks and nanostructures. For example, nanoparticles have been proposed to be suitable carriers of therapeutic agents whilst nanostructures provide suitable platforms for sub-micro bioengineering. However, understanding the importance of nanoscience and technology is somewhat problematical as a great deal of text can be rather technical in nature with little consideration to the novice. In this collection of books on Nanoscience Applied to Health and Medicine we aim to disseminate the information in a readable way by having unique sections for the novice and expert alike. This enables the reader to transfer their knowledge base from one discipline to another or from one academic level to another. Each chapter has an abstract, key facts, and a “mini-dictionary” of key terms and phrases within each chapter. Finally, each chapter has a series of summary points. In this book we focus on nanomedicine and naontechnology as applied to cancer. We cover for example, introductions to the fi eld, general aspects, methods and techniques, nanocarriers for gene delivery, siRNA, nanostrategies, nanoprobes, magnetic nanoparticles, nanoimaging, nanoscaffolds, ethylcellulose nanoplatforms, nanorings, nanotubes, nanowires, nanobubbles multidrug resistance, tocotrienol, the microenvironment, and cancers of the lung, liver, head and neck and many more areas. Contributors to Nanomedicine and Cancer are all either international or national experts, leading authorities or are carrying out ground breaking and innovative work on their subject. The book is essential reading for oncologists research scientists, medical doctors, health care professionals, pathologists, biologists, biochemists, chemists and physicists, general practitioners as well as those interested in disease and nano sciences in general. Nanomedicine and Cancer is part of a collection of books on Nanoscience Applied to Health and Medicine. The Editors TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Contents Preface v Section 1: General Aspects, Methods and Techniques 1. Nanomedicine-based use of siRNA in Cancer 3 Guillermo N. Armaiz-Pena, Bulent Ozpolat, Anil K. Sood and Gabriel Lopez-Berestein 2. Nanocarriers for Gene Delivery 26 Conchita Tros de Ilarduya and Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza 3. Cancer Cell Photothermolysis and Gold Nanorod 46 Surface Plasmons Cheng-Lung Chen and Yang-Yuan Chen 4. Tocotrienol Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles in Cancer 63 Sami Nazzal and Paul W. Sylvester 5. Utilization of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy 84 Deryl L. Troyer and Stefan H. Bossmann 6. Nanoparticle Probes and Molecular Imaging in Cancer 105 Dongfang Liu and Ning Gu 7. Iron and Ethylcellulose Nanoplatforms for Cancer 123 Targeting José L. Arias, Margarita López-Viota and Mª Adolfi na Ruiz 8. Matrix Scaffolds in Cancer Cell Biology; Physiological 142 Representation and Nanoscale Characterisation Hsin-ya Chien, Sandra Fok, Vanisri Raviraj, Jiwon Lee, Louise Cole, J. Guy Lyons and Lilian Soon 9. Fluorescence Nanoprobe Imaging Tumor by Sensing 160 the Acidic Microenvironment Lu Wang and Cong Li viii Nanomedicine and Cancer 10. Magnetic Nanorings and Nanotubes for Cancer Detection 183 and Therapy Hai Ming Fan and Malini Olivo 11. Silicon Nanowire Arrays and other Silicon Nanostructures 204 and Their Clinical Applications to Cancer Murugan Veerapandian and Min-Ho Lee 12. Silver Nanomedicine and Cancer 224 P.V. Asharani, Luxmi Fatimathas, Hui Kheng Lim, Suresh Valiyaveettil and M. Prakash Hande 13. Nanobubbles and Their Putative Application to Cancer 246 Medicine Tianyi M. Krupka and Agata A. Exner 14. Nano-Strategies in the Delivery of Antitumor Drugs to Cancer 268 José L. Arias 15. Gene Silencing with siRNA Encapsulated Nanoparticles to 290 Overcome Tumor Multidrug Resistance Mansoor M. Amiji, Francis Hornicek and Zhenfeng Duan 16. Nano-fl ow Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometric 307 Analysis of Glycans in Cancer S. Hunter Walker and David C. Muddiman Section 2: Specifi c Cancers and Areas of Focus 17. Composite Nano-Sensor Arrays Technology in Lung Cancer 331 Silvano Dragonieri, Giorgio Pennazza and Marco Santonico 18. Nano Arsenic Oxide (As O )/(Fe O ) Iron Oxide 344 2 3 2 3 Complexes for Liver Cancer Ziyu Wang and Dongsheng Zhang 19. Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Midkine-antisense 360 Oligonucleotide-loaded Nanoparticles Licheng Dai, Xing Yao and Jing Zhong 20. Nanotechnology and Nanostructures Applied to Head 373 and Neck Cancer Erik C. Dreaden, Mostafa A. El-Sayed and Ivan H. El-Sayed Index 397 About the Editors 403 Color Plate Section 405 Section 1: General Aspects, Methods and Techniques