Nanomaterials in Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors

576 Pages·2016·19.699 MB·English

by  Kenneth I. Ozoemena, Shaowei Chen (eds.)

Nanostructure Science and Technology
Series Editor: David J. Lockwood
Kenneth I. Ozoemena
Shaowei Chen E ditors
Nanomaterials
in Advanced
Batteries and
Supercapacitors
Nanostructure Science and Technology
SeriesEditor:
DavidJ.Lockwood,FRSC
NationalResearchCouncilofCanada
Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6331

Kenneth I. Ozoemena • Shaowei Chen
Editors
Nanomaterials in Advanced
Batteries and Supercapacitors
Editors
KennethI.Ozoemena ShaoweiChen
CouncilforScientificandIndustrial UniversityofCalifornia
Research SantaCruz,CA,USA
Pretoria,SouthAfrica
ISSN1571-5744 ISSN2197-7976 (electronic)
NanostructureScienceandTechnology
ISBN978-3-319-26080-8 ISBN978-3-319-26082-2 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-26082-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016944233
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
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Preface
This decade has witnessed rapid development in the global quest for clean, sus-
tainable energy and an outburst in new technologies, such as smart phones and
electric vehicles. These developments have stimulated intense research interest in
advanced electrical energy storage systems. Every market analysis continues to
predict that advanced batteries, most notably lithium-ion batteries, and
supercapacitors (also known as ultracapacitors) will dominate electrical energy
storagetechnologiesforaplethoraofapplications,rangingfromportableelectron-
icstonext-generationenvironmentallyfriendlytechnologiessuchaselectricvehi-
cles and smart grids. Batteries and supercapacitors are complementary
electrochemical energy storage systems; the former are characterized by high-
energydensity,whilethelatterareknownforhigh-powerdensity.Supercapacitors
are most suited for applications that require energy pulses during short periods of
time,suchasinemergencydoors,escalators,regenerativebrakingenergyrecovery
systemsinvehiclesandmetro-rails,and“stop-start”applicationsinmoderncars.In
additiontotheirapplicationsinelectricvehiclesandportableelectronics,batteries
and supercapacitors are proving extremely useful in utility-scale energy storage,
offeringservicessuchas:(i)pricearbitrage(i.e.,storing‘cheap’electricityduring
theoff-peakperiodswhenthecostofelectricitygenerationisusuallylowandusing
itduringtheexpensivepeaktimes),(ii)industrialpeak-shavingordemandcharge
reduction(i.e.,usingstoredenergyduringpeakperiodsinordertoavoidpenalties
for breach of contractual peak demand), (iii) balancing power or frequency regu-
lation(i.e.,compensatingforexcesselectricitygenerationandutilizationfromthe
grid),(iv)islandandoff-gridstorage(i.e.,toaugmenttheelectricitygeneratedfrom
thevariablerenewableenergysourcessuchassolarandwind),(v)transmissionand
distribution (T&D) upgrade deferral (i.e., in a situation where the existing grid’s
capacity is barely enough to meet the required peak demand in a given area or to
store the peak power supply from distributed variable renewable energy sources),
(vi) voltage control/support (i.e., mainly to improve power quality and local grid
congestion),and(vii)securityofelectricitysupply(i.e.,mainlyaspowerbackupor
toavoidthesocioeconomicproblemsarisingfromloadshedding).
v
vi Preface
Despite the growing interests in research and technological applications of
batteriesandsupercapacitors,these energystorage systems stillfall shortofsome
criticalrequirements,suchasenergydensity,powerdensity,cyclelife,andsafety.
Nanostructuring or nanoscale engineering of electrode materials has emerged as
one of the most elegant research and development strategies to improve the
performanceofbatteriesandsupercapacitorsandrevolutionizetheirapplications.
Nanomaterials in Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors is unique in that it
provides an authoritative source of information on the use of nanomaterials to
enhance the electrochemical performance of existing electrode materials for lith-
ium-ion batteries,magnesium-ion batteries,and supercapacitors. Thebook covers
the state-of-the-art design, preparation, and engineering of nanoscale functional
materialsaseffectiveelectrodesforadvancedbatteriesandsupercapacitors,aswell
as perspectives and challenges in future research. Contributing authors are world
experts in the field and carefully chosen to ensure an in-depth coverage of the
various topics related to advanced battery and supercapacitor systems. The 15
chapters cover the critical components of the energy storage systems that are the
cathode,anodeandseparators.
Chapters1and2describethedevelopmentsinnanostructuredcathodematerials
for the development of high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Chapter 1
dealswiththethreemostimportantstructures(spinel,layered,andolivines),while
Chap.2focusesonthemanganese-basedorthosilicates.
Chapters 3, 4, and 5 describe the developments in nanostructured anode mate-
rialsforLIBs,rangingfrommetaloxidesandlithiumalloystothetitanates.
Chapter 6 is the only chapter dedicated to magnesium batteries, which is an
excellent example of the emerging multivalent battery systems. The interest in
magnesiumelectrochemistryisduetoitsabilitytodelivermuchhighervolumetric
energy density (3833 mAh cm−3) than Li (2061 mAh cm−3). A high volumetric
energy density is more desirable for mobile devices than for stationary energy
storage.
Chapters7,8,9,10,and11dealwithvariousaspectsofsupercapacitorelectrode
systems, including metal oxides (notably the low-cost manganese oxides), carbon
nanostructures,andsuspensionelectrodesforflowablelarge-scaleenergystorage.
Chapters 12 and 13 discuss separators and solid polymer electrolytes used in
LIBsandsupercapacitors.
Chapters 14 and 15 focus on the computational/mathematical modeling and
simulation of electrode materials as essential value additions to LIBs and
supercapacitors,enrichingourunderstandingoftheenergetics,reactionmechanism
ofelectrodeprocesses,andprovidingusefulinsights criticaltoachievingscience-
basedrationaldesignofbetterelectrodematerials.
Enlarging on the theme of electrochemical energy, this book has a companion
volume organized by the same editors entitled Fuel Cell Catalysis Based on
EngineeredNanomaterials.Wesincerelythanktheauthorsandreviewers,without
Preface vii
whosesupportthesebookswouldhavebeenimpossible.Wehopethatthereaders
willbegreatlyenrichedbythecontentsofthiswork.Enjoyreading!
Pretoria,SouthAfrica KennethI.Ozoemena
CA,USA ShaoweiChen

Contents
1 Next-GenerationNanostructuredLithium-IonCathode
Materials:CriticalChallengesforNewDirectionsinR&D. . . . . . 1
KennethI.OzoemenaandMesfinKebede
2 Li MnSiO NanostructuredCathodesforRechargeable
2 4
Lithium-IonBatteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
RosalindJuneGummow
3 MetalOxidesandLithiumAlloysasAnodeMaterials
forLithium-IonBatteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
MesfinKebede,HaitaoZheng,andKennethI.Ozoemena
4 Sn-BasedAlloyAnodeMaterialsforLithium-IonBatteries:
Preparation,Multi-scaleStructure,andPerformance. . . . . . . . . . 93
RenzongHuandMinZhu
5 NanostructuredLithiumTitanates(Li Ti O )
4 5 12
forLithium-IonBatteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
LeiWen,Hong-ZeLuo,Guang-YinLiu,andHai-TaoZheng
6 AnodesandAnode/ElectrolyteInterfacesforRechargeable
MagnesiumBatteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
TimothyS.ArthurandNikhilendraSingh
7 NanostructuredOxidesasCathodeMaterials
forSupercapacitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 205
Y.Liu,F.Yu,X.W.Wang,Z.B.Wen,Y.S.Zhu,andY.P.Wu
8 CarbonMaterialsforSupercapacitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
WeijiaZhou,XiaojunLiu,KaiZhou,andJinJia
9 TransitionMetalOxidesasSupercapacitorMaterials. . . . . . . . . . 317
ZhibinWu,YirongZhu,XiaoboJi,andCraigE.Banks
ix