Table Of Content

Nanogenerators Nanogenerators Basic Concepts, Design Strategies, and Applications Edited by Inamuddin Mohd Imran Ahamed Rajender Boddula Tariq Altalhi First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 selection and editorial matter Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Tariq A. Altalhi; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Inamuddin, 1980- editor. | Ahamed, Mohd Imran, editor. | Boddula, Rajender, editor. | Altalhi, Tariq, editor. Title: Nanogenerators : basic concepts, design strategies, and applications / edited by Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Tariq A. Altalhi. Other titles: Nanogenerators (CRC Press) Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021060066 | ISBN 9781032034911 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032034973 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003187615 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Nanogenerators. Classification: LCC TK2897 .N36 2022 | DDC 621.31/24--dc23/eng/20220311 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021060066 ISBN: 978-1-032-03491-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-03497-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-18761-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003187615 Typeset in Times by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd. Contents Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii Editors ...............................................................................................................................................ix Contributors ......................................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1 Nanogenerators-Based Energy Storage Devices ..........................................................1 Vivian C. Akubude, Ayooluwa P. Adeagbo, Jelili A. Oyedokun, Victor C. Okafor, and Kevin N. Nwaigwe Chapter 2 Working Principles and Mechanisms in Nanogenerators ..........................................17 Rita Joshi and Indranil Lahiri Chapter 3 Nanogenerators Theories and Applications ...............................................................33 Shah Imtiaz, Md Rabiul Islam, Syqa Banoo, Nimra Shakeel, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Muhanna K. Al-Muhanna, and Naushad Anwar Chapter 4 2D Materials for Nanogenerators ...............................................................................49 Bhargavi Koneru, Jhilmil Swapnalin, Prasun Banerjee, Manikanta P. Narayanaswamy, Dinesh Rangappa, and Srinivasan Natarajan Chapter 5 Carbon Materials for Nanogenerators ........................................................................61 Mehmet Bugdayci and Levent Oncel Chapter 6 Piezoelectric Nanogenerators .....................................................................................77 Bhavya Padha, Sonali Verma, and Sandeep Arya Chapter 7 Triboelectric Nanogenerators ...................................................................................121 Ritvik B. Panicker, Ashish Kapoor, Kannan Deepa, and Prabhakar Sivaraman Chapter 8 Hybrid Nanogenerators ............................................................................................131 Jocelyne Estrella-Nuñez, Francisco García-Salinas, Moises Bustamante-Torres, Jorge Cárdenas-Gamboa, and Emilio Bucio Carrillo Chapter 9 Pyroelectric Nanogenerators in Energy Technology ................................................161 Ampattu R. Jayakrishnan, José P. B. da Silva, Sugumaran Sathish, Koppole Kamakshi, and Koppole C. Sekhar Chapter 10 Wearable Nanogenerators.........................................................................................185 Md Mazbah Uddin, Tanvir Mahady Dip, and Suraj Sharma v vi Contents Chapter 11 Flexible Nanogenerators: A Promising Route of Harvesting Mechanical Energy ..................................................................................................287 Syed Wazed Ali, Satyaranjan Bairagi, and Swagata Banerjee Chapter 12 Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source .......................................................301 Muhammad Mudassir Iqbal, Gulzar Muhammad, Tania Saif, Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam, Muhammad Arshad Raza, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, and Muhammad Tahir Haseeb Chapter 13 Recent Advances and Applications of Nanogenerators in Sensors, Photovoltaic, Wind, and Blue Energy ....................................................323 Pallavi Jain, Sapna Raghav, and Madhur Babu Singh Chapter 14 Large-Scale Applications of Triboelectric, Piezoelectric, and Pyroelectric Nanogenerators .............................................................................335 Vishal Panwar, Atif Suhail, and Indranil Lahiri Chapter 15 Electroactive Polymers and Their Carbon Nanocomposites for Energy Harvesting ..............................................................................................361 Ramanujam B.T.S., Reshma Haridass, Pranesh Muralidharan, Ashok Kumar Nanjundan, Deepak Dubal, and Pratheep K. Annamalai Chapter 16 Polymer Nanogenerators for Biomedical Applications ............................................397 Jaison Jeevanandam, Sharadwata Pan, and Michael K. Danquah Index ..............................................................................................................................................411 Preface Nanogenerators are an emerging technology that has potential applications in energy science to convert waste mechanical energy into electricity by applying the small-scale physical change/dis- placement current in ambient conditions. Basically nanogenerators are classified into piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and triboelectric nanogenerators. Nanogenerators act as sustainable power sources due to their unique characteristics such as mobility, accessibility, and sustainability. They involve only tiny power in microwatt to milliwatts to overcome the actual change. It is an emerging technology utilized in various applications including intelligent electronics, wireless transmitters, the Internet of things, self-powered systems, sensors, and actuators. The understanding of nanogenerators is essential for the industrial and research community. This book covers an in-depth overview of the history, theory, experimental, and design strategies for nanogenerators and their applications. It also discusses mechanisms, characterizations, device fabrications, and utilization in sustainable power applications. The chapters in this book are con- tributed by top researchers working in the area of sustainable technologies. It is a good source for readers from many scientific and engineering research fields from undergraduate students to R&D and academic professionals. It will appeal to readers wishing to know how to do research and utilize nanogenerators for modern world applications. Chapter 1 aims to provide a clear idea of the basic working principle and mechanisms of different types of nanogenerators. It details about the basic principles to working principles going through the physics behind nanogenerators. Chapter 2 highlights the role of different 2D materials such as Mxene, graphene, metal-organic frameworks, black phosphorus, and covalent organic frameworks for nanogenerator applications. The major focus is given to the triboelectric nanogenerators for such applications. Chapter 3 discusses the synthesis, mechanical, thermal, and solar energy harvesting applications of electroactive polymer-carbon nanostructures and nanocomposites. The importance of the generation of the electroactive phase of the insulating polymer for nanogenerator application is highlighted. Inherently conducting polymer-based nanocomposites for thermal and solar energy harvesting applications are also discussed. Chapter 4 gives information about the carbon materials used in nanogenerator production. Detailed information about the nanogenerators, carbon materials used in this field, and the production methods of these materials are given. Also, recent studies in this field are elaborated. Chapter 5 provides an overview of various synthesis procedures to fabricate different types of polymer-based nanogenerators. In addition, the biomedical applications of polymer-based nanogenerators, such as wearable smart devices, micro or nano transparent devices, as well as applications as energy sources to power implantable biomedical appliances, are discussed. Chapter 6 discusses wearable nanogenerators (WNGs) capable of harnessing different kinds of energy respective to the human body. WNGs based on textiles and flexible sheet configurations and their mechanisms are reported in detail. The outside and the inside body applications of such WNGs are reported along with existing limitations and challenges. Chapter 7 discusses about the nanogenerators of the various forms. Furthermore, it discusses the basic theory for their functioning with its working mechanism and applications in various fields. Nanogenerators are a new path for scientists to provide energy from waste resources which will be an efficient source of energy in the near future. Chapter 8 describes the types, design, constitution, working principle, and use of nanogenerators in devices for sustainable energy. It also focuses on the applications of nanogenerators in medicine, industry, environment monitoring, and technology. Chapter 9 details the concept of nanogenerators. It enumerated in detail the different types of nanogenerators in addition to energy sources and energy storage devices. The applications of vii viii Preface nanotechnology to energy storage are discussed. The integration of nanogenerators in energy storage devices is also highlighted. Chapter 10 provides an overview of the different nanogenerators based on piezoelectric or triboelectric materials. In this context, different piezoelectric and triboelectric materials are discussed. It also gives an idea of the wide area of applications it beholds in the field of electronics. Chapter 11 provides an in-depth analysis of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), their applications, and challenges. Different organic, inorganic, and metal halide perovskites-based piezoelectric materials are discussed in detail. Additionally, a thorough overview of different fabrication techniques along with future scope of these nanogenerators is also illustrated. Chapter 12 surveys the basics, implementation, and recent advances of nanogenerators. The applications of nanogenerators in sensors, photovoltaic panels, harvesting of wind, and blue energy are also discussed. Chapter 13 explains the potential of hybrid nanogenerators based on different properties such as piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and triboelectricity. Additionally, it details their structure, synthesis, and characterization techniques. The promising applications in several fields such as wearable devices, sensors, textiles, biomedical devices, antimicrobial adherence are also presented. Chapter 14 portrays an overview of the pyroelectric nanogenerators (PNs) as energy harvesting system using the thermal fluctuations from the green and mechanical energy sources. It discusses the different synthesis approaches used to fabricate polymer-based PNs (PPNs) and ceramic-based PNs (CPNs), and their advanced applications in energy technology. Chapter 15 discusses the several applications of triboelectric nanogenerators in harvesting energy. Their construction and modes of operation are discussed. The roles of triboelectric nanogenerators in a range of diverse fields such as medicine, textile, and electrochemistry are discussed in detail. The challenges and areas for improvement are also presented. Chapter 16 summarizes different types of nanogenerators based on piezoelectric, triboelectric, and pyroelectric effects. Their large-scale applications in various fields are covered. Following the trends in actual applications, triboelectric nanogenerators are given more thrust than the other two types of nanogenerators. Editors Inamuddin, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He earned his M.Sc. in organic chemistry at Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) University, Meerut, India, in 2002. He earned his MPhil and PhD in applied chemistry at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), India, in 2004 and 2007, respectively. He has extensive research experience in the multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, and, more specifically, renewable energy and environment. He has worked on different research projects as project fellow and senior research fellow funded by the University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India. He has received the Fast Track Young Scientist Award from the Department of Science and Technology, India, to work in the area of bending actuators and artificial muscles. He has completed four major research projects sanctioned by the University Grant Commission, Department of Science and Technology, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, and the Council of Science and Technology, India. He has published 196 research articles in international journals of repute and 19 book chapters in knowledge-based book editions published by renowned international publishers. He has published 150 edited books with Springer (UK), Elsevier, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (USA), CRC Press – Taylor & Francis Asia Pacific, Trans Tech Publications Ltd. (Switzerland), IntechOpen Limited (UK), Wiley-Scrivener (USA) and Materials Research Forum LLC (USA). He is a member of various journals’ editorial boards. He is an Associate Editor for several journals (Environmental Chemistry Letter, Applied Water Science, and Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, Springer-Nature), Frontiers Section Editor (Current Analytical Chemistry, Bentham Science Publishers), Editorial Board Member (Scientific Reports, Nature), Editor (Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry), and Review Editor (Frontiers in Chemistry, Frontiers, UK). He has also guest-edited various thematic special issues to the journals of Elsevier, Bentham Science Publishers, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. He has attended as well as chaired sessions at various international and national conferences. He has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow, leading a research team at the Creative Research Initiative Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle, Hanyang University, South Korea, in the field of renewable energy, especially biofuel cells. He has also worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, in the field of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and computational fluid dynamics of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. He is a life member of the Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. His research interests include ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and bending actuators. Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, is working as a Research Associate at the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India. He earned a BSc (Hons) in chemistry and a PhD in chemistry at AMU. He earned an MSc in organic chemistry at Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, India. Dr. Ahamed has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals. He has co-edited 57 books with Springer (UK), Elsevier, CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Asia Pacific, Materials Research Forum LLC (USA) and Wiley-Scrivener (USA). His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning. Rajender Boddula, PhD, works with the Chinese Academy of Sciences – President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). He earned his MS in organic chemistry at Kakatiya University, Warangal, India, in 2008. ix