Nanocomposite, ceramic, and thin film scintillators

351 Pages·2017·12.851 MB·English

by  Nikl, Martin

Nanocomposite,
Ceramic, and
Thin Film Scintillators

Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Nanocomposite,
Ceramic, and
Thin Film Scintillators
editors
edited by
Preben Maegaard
Anna Krenz Martin Nikl
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power

for the World
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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8 Temasek Boulevard
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Email: [email protected]
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
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Nanocomposite, Ceramic, and Thin Film Scintillators
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
Copyright © 2017 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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ISBN 978-981-4745-22-2 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-981-4745-23-9 (eBook)
Printed in the USA
Contents
Preface
1. In troduc tion to Scintillators x1i
Martin Nikl and Valentin V. Laguta
2. 1N.a1n ocomInptroosdituec Stcioinnt illators 215
Markus P. Hehlen, Nickolaus A. Smith, Michael W. Blair,
Andy Li, Sy Stange, Robert D. Gilbertson,
Edward A. McKigney, and Ross E. Muenchausen
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Physical Properties of Nanocomposite
Scintillators 30
2.2.1 Optical Properties 30
2.2.1.1 Material requirements for
radiation detectors 30
2.2.1.2 Scattering in optical
nanocomposites 35
2.2.2 Energy Deposition 40
2.2.3 Energy Transport 43
2.3 Experimental Methods 49
2.3.1 Optical Characterization 50
2.3.2 Radioluminescence Characterization 53
2.3.3 Gamma-Ray Response Characterization 57
2.4 Nanocomposite Materials 58
2.4.1 Organic–Organic Composites 58
2.4.2 Inorganic–Organic Composites 59
2.4.3 Inorganic–Inorganic Composites 64
3. G2.l5a ss–CSeurammmica Srcyi natnildla Otourt look 6799
Jacqueline A. Johnson, Russell L. Leonard,
Carlos Alvarez, Brooke Barta, and Stefan Schweizer
3.1 Introduction 80
vi Contents
3.2 Glass Ceramics 81
3.2.1 Materials Systems 81
3.2.2 Characterization 84
3.3 Applications in Medicine 90
3.4 Homeland Security Applications 96
4. 3Tr.5an spaCreonntc Hluigshio-nDse nsity Oxide Ceramics Prepared 101
by Spark Plasma Sintering 107
Takashi Goto, Akihiko Ito, Akira Yoshikawa,
Shunsuke Kurosawa, and Jan Pejchal
4.1 Introduction 108
4.1.1 Transparent Polycrystalline Ceramics 108
4.1.2 Spark Plasma Sintering 108
4.1.2.1 A schematic of the SPS
method 109
4.1.2.2 Densification in the SPS
process 110
4.1.3 Transpareαnt Ceramics Prepared
by SPS 111
4.1.3.1 -Al2O3 113
4.1.3.2 MgO 113
4.1.3.3 Sesquioxides (Y2O3, Sc2O3,
Eu2O3, Lu2O3) 113
4.1.3.4 Spinel (MgAl2O4, ZnAl2O4) 114
4.1.3.5 Garnets (Y3Al5O12, Lu3Al5O12) 114
4.1.3.6 Glasses 114
4.1.4 Fundamental Properties of Lu-Based

Oxide Ceramics 114
4.2 Preparation of Transparent Lu2O3 Ceramics 116
4.2.1 Effect of Temperature 117
4.2.2 Effect of Pressure and Holding Time 118
4.2.3 Two-Step Sintering 119
4.2.4 Effect of LiF Addition 121
4.2.5 Comparison with the Other Sintering
Techniques 122
4.3 Preparation of Transparent Lu2Hf2O7
Ceramics 123
4.4 Preparation of Transparent Lu3Al5O12
Ceramics 124
Contents vii
4.4.1 Effect of Temperature 125
3+ 2+
4.4.2 Reduction of Eu to Eu in LuAG
Ceramics 126
4.4.3 Comparison with the Other Sintering
Techniques 127
4.5 Ceramic Scintillation Materials Prepared
by SPS 127
4.5.1 Garnet-Based Ceramics 128
4.5.2 SrHfO3-Based Ceramics 133
4.5.3 Lu2O3-Based Scintillation Ceramics 138
5. 4LP.6E -GroSwunm Tmhianr-yF ilm Scintillators 114525
Miroslav Kucera and Petr Prusa
5.1 Introduction 156
5.2 Liquid Phase Epitaxy 157
5.2.1 Principles of LPE of Oxide Scintillators 157
5.2.2 Isothermal LPE 158
5.2.3 Fluxes 161
5.2.3.1 PbO-B2O3 flux (here
referred as PbO flux) 162
5.2.3.2 BaO-B2O3-BaF2 flux (here
referred as BaO flux) 163
5.2.3.3 Other fluxes 164
5.2.3.4 Ion segregation coefficients 164
5.2.4 Epitaxial Growth on Substrates 167
5.2.5 Defects in LPE Films 171
5.3 Characterization Methods: Experimental

Techniques 176
5.3.1 XRD and Structural Properties of Films 176
5.3.2 Optical Methods: Absorption,
Photoluminescence, PL Decay Kinetics 179
5.3.3 Scintillation Properties 180
5.3.4 LY Measurements of Scintillating
Epitaxial Films 181
5.4 Materials 186
5.4.1 Garnets 186
3+
5.4.1.1 Ce -doped YAG and LuAG 189
3+
5.4.1.2 Ce -doped multicomponent
garnets 193
viii Contents
3+
5.4.1.3 Pr -doped garnets 198
5.4.2 Perovskites 203
3+
5.4.2.1 Ce -doped YAP/LuAP 204
3+ 3+
5.4.2.2 Pr , Tb -doped perovskites 206
5.4.2.3 Concluding remarks 208
5.4.3 Orthosilicates 209
3+
5.4.3.1 Ce -doped YSO, LSO 209
5.4.3.2 Other dopants 213
5.4.3.3 Concluding remarks 215
5.5 Applications of the LPE Films 215
5.5.1 Electron Detection in SEM 215

5.5.2 X-ray Microimaging Screens 215
5.5.3 Other Applications of Epitaxial Films:
6. Luminescence oWf Pabv-e agnudid Bei -PRlealnaater dL aCseenrtse, rWs ianr m LEDs 217
Aluminum Garnet, Perovskite, and Orthosilicate
Single-Crystalline Films 227
Svetlana Zazubovich, Aleksei Krasnikov, Yuriy Zorenko,
Vitali Gorbenko, Vladimir Babin, Eva Mihokova,
and Martin Nikl
6.1 Introduction 227
6.2 Sample Preparation and Characterization
Methods 230
2+
6.3 Luminescence of Single Pb -Based Centers
in Aluminum Garnets and Perovskites 234
6.4 Luminescence of Complex Pb-Related Centers

in Aluminum Garnets and Perovskites 240
6.5 Influence of Pb-Related Centers on
3+ 3+
Luminescence of Ce and Pr in Garnets
and Perovskites 244
6.5.1 Energy Transfer from the Excited

Pb-Related Centers to Impurity Ions 245
3+
6.5.2 Energy Transfer from Excited Ce
3+
or Pr Ions to Lead-Induced Centers 245
6.5.3 Reabsorption of the Localized Exciton
Emission in the Absorption Bands of
3+ 3+
Ce and Pr Centers 246
Contents ix
6.5.4 Overlap of the Emission Bands of
Lead-Induced and Impurity Centers 247
6.6 Luminescence of Lead-Related Centers in
Lutetium and Yttrium Oxyorthosilicates 247
6.6.1 Characteristics of the Ultraviolet
Luminescence 249
6.6.2 Characteristics of the Blue
Luminescence 254
3+
6.7 Luminescence of Bi -Related Centers in
Aluminum Garnets 255
6.7.1 Characteristics of the Ultraviolet
Luminescence 255
6.7.2 Characteristics of the Visible
Luminescence 260
3+
6.8 Luminescence of Bi -Related Centers in
Lutetium and Yttrium Oxyorthosilicates 263
6.8.1 Characteristics of the Ultraviolet
Luminescence 263
6.8.2 Characteristics of the Visible
Luminescence 269
6.9 Possible Models of Pb-Related Centers in
Aluminum Garnets and Perovskites 270
2+
6.9.1 Single Pb -Based Centers of the
2 4+
Type of {Pb –Pt } 271
2+
6.9.2 Single Pb -Based Centers of the
2+ 4+
Type of {Pb –Pb } 271
6.9.3 Dimer Lead Centers 272

6.10 The Origin of Pb-Related Centers in Lutetium
and Yttrium Oxyorthosilicates 273
6.11 The Origin of Bi-Related Centers in Aluminum
Garnets and Oxyorthosilicates 277
6.11.1 The Centers Responsible for the
Ultraviolet Luminescence 279
6.11.2 The Centers Responsible for the
Visible Luminescence 281
6.12 Scintillation Characteristics of
Single-Crystalline Films 284
6.13 Conclusions 287
x Contents
7. ZnO-Based Phosphors and Scintillators: Preparation,
Characterization, and Performance 303
Daniel Nižňanský, Jakub Růžička, Alena Beitlerová,
Jindřich Houžvička, Petr Horodyský, Václav Tyrpekl,
Ivo Jakubec, Akira Yoshikawa, and Martin Nikl
7.1 Introduction 304
7.2 Experimental 309
7.2.1 Sample Preparation 309
7.2.2 Characterization Methods 312
7.3 Experimental Results 312
Index7.4 Summary 327
333