Nanochromatography and nanocapillary electrophoresis: pharmaceutical and environmental analyses

282 Pages·2009·8.5 MB·English

by  Imran Ali

NANOCHROMATOGRAPHY
AND NANOCAPILLARY
ELECTROPHORESIS
NANOCHROMATOGRAPHY
AND NANOCAPILLARY
ELECTROPHORESIS
Pharmaceutical and Environmental
Analyses
IMRAN ALI
HASSAN Y. ABOUL-ENEIN
VINOD K. GUPTA
Copyright#2009byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyform
orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas
permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwritten
permissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetothe
CopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,[phone],fax(978)
750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe
addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ
07030,[phone],fax[phone],oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbestefforts
inpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor
completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof
merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales
representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable
foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor
authorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimited
tospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.
Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour
CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat
[phone]orfax(317)572-4002.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynot
beavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.
wiley.com.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Ali,Imran.
Nanochromatographyandnanocapillaryelectrophoresis:pharmaceuticalandenvironmental
analyses/ImranAli,HassanY.Aboul-Enein,VinodK.Gupta.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-17851-5(cloth)
1. Chromatographicanalysis. 2. Capillaryelectrophoresis. 3. Drugs—Analysis.
4. Pollutants—Analysis. 5. Environmentalpollutants—Analysis. 6. Nanoparticles—Analysis.
I.Aboul-Enein,HassanY. II.Gupta,VinodKumar,1953– III.Title.
[DNLM: 1. Nanotechnology—methods. 2. Electrophoresis,Capillary—methods.
3. EnvironmentalPollutants—analysis. 4. PharmaceuticalPreparations—analysis.
QT36.5A398n2009]
QP519.9.C47A452009
5430.8—dc22
2008033275
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the memories of my late parents:
Basheer Ahmed and Mehmudan Begum.
I. A.
To my wife, Nagla, whose love and devotion
have been an inspiration to me.
H. Y. A.-E.
To the memoryof my late father Sri Jeewan Lal Gupta
who has been my mentorall through.
V. K.G.
CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1. Nanoanalyses / 1
1.2. Definition of Nanochromatographyand Nanocapillary
Electrophoresis / 2
1.3. Nanochromatographyand Nanocapillary Electrophoresis / 3
1.4. Fabrication of Microdevices / 4
1.5. Developments in Nanoanalyses / 6
1.6. Data Integration / 7
1.7. Protocol of Nanoanalyses / 10
1.8. Scope of the Book / 12
1.9. Conclusion / 12
References / 12
2 Fabrication of Microchips 17
2.1. Introduction / 17
2.2. Substrates / 18
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.3. Techniques of Fabrication / 20
2.3.1. Glass Chips / 22
2.3.2. Quartz Chips / 28
2.3.3. Silica Chips / 31
2.3.4. Polymer Chips / 34
2.3.5. Plastic Chips / 36
2.3.6. Chips and the Polymerase Chain Reaction / 37
2.4. Surface Modification / 39
2.4.1. Modification by Polymers / 40
2.4.2. Modification by Silica Gel / 42
2.4.3. Modification by Monolithics / 44
2.4.4. Modification by Sulfonation / 44
2.5. Designs of Chips / 45
2.6. Bindings in Chips / 49
2.7. Conclusion / 50
References / 51
3 Instrumentation of Nanochromatography and
Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 59
3.1. Introduction / 59
3.2. Nanoliquid Chromatography (NLC) / 60
3.2.1. Mobile Phase Reservoirs / 62
3.2.2. Mobile Phases and Flow Calibration / 62
3.2.3. Mobile Phase Tubings / 63
3.2.4. Solvent Delivery Pump / 64
3.2.5. Sample Injector / 66
3.2.6. Separation Chips / 68
3.2.7. Detectors / 70
3.2.8. Recorder / 71
3.2.9. Sample Preparation Units / 72
3.3. Nanocapillary Electrophoresis / 74
3.3.1. Separation Chip / 76
3.3.2. Background Electrolyte and
Its Reservoirs / 79
3.3.3. Sample Injection Port / 79
3.3.4. Detectors / 82
CONTENTS ix
3.3.5. Recorder / 83
3.3.6. Sample Preparation Units / 83
3.4. Conclusion / 85
References / 86
4 Detection in Nanochromatography and
Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 91
4.1. Introduction / 91
4.2. Mass Spectrometer Detectors / 92
4.3. Fluorescence Detectors / 97
4.4. Electrochemical Detectors / 99
4.5. Element Specific Detectors / 101
4.6. Miscellaneous Detectors / 103
4.7. Conclusion / 105
References / 105
5 Sample Preparation in Nanochromatography
and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 109
5.1. Introduction / 109
5.2. Sample Preparation / 111
5.3. Sampling / 111
5.3.1. Biological Samples / 111
5.3.1.1. Blood / 112
5.3.1.2. Urine / 112
5.3.1.3. Tissues / 112
5.3.1.4. Plants / 113
5.3.1.5. Food Stuffs / 113
5.3.2. Environmental Samples / 113
5.3.2.1. Air / 113
5.3.2.2. Water / 114
5.3.2.3. Sediment and Soils / 115
5.4. Preservation / 115
5.5. Filtration / 116
5.6. Digestion/Homogenization / 118
5.7. Extractions / 119
5.8. Clean Up / 119
5.9. Preconcentration / 121
x CONTENTS
5.10. Off-Line Nanosample Preparation Methods / 121
5.10.1. Nano Solid Phase Extractions / 121
5.10.2. Nano Membrane Extractions / 123
5.10.3. Nano Miscellaneous Extractions / 124
5.11. Online Nanosample Preparation Methods / 125
5.12. Conclusion / 138
References / 138
6 Nano-High Performance Liquid Chromatography 145
6.1. Introduction / 145
6.2. Nano-HPLC / 146
6.3. Applications / 146
6.3.1. Nano-HPLCof Biological Matrices / 146
6.3.1.1. Proteomics / 147
6.3.1.2. Drugs Development and Design / 151
6.3.1.3. Environmental Analysis / 155
6.4. Optimization of Separations in Nano-HPLC / 161
6.5. Troubleshooting in Nano-HPLC / 161
6.6. Conclusion / 161
References / 162
7 Nanocapillary Electrochromatography and
Nanomicellar Electrokinetic Chromatography 167
7.1. Introduction / 167
7.2. Nanocapillary Electrochromatography / 167
7.2.1. Biological Samples / 168
7.2.2. Environmental Samples / 177
7.2.3. Mechanism of Separation / 181
7.3. Nanomicellar Electrokinetic
Chromatography / 181
7.3.1. Biological Samples / 182
7.3.2. Environmental Samples / 184
7.3.3. Mechanisms of Separation / 187
7.4. Conclusion / 188
References / 188
CONTENTS xi
8 Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 191
8.1. Introduction / 191
8.2. Optimization / 192
8.3. Applications / 200
8.3.1. Proteomics / 200
8.3.2. Genomics / 205
8.3.3. Amino Acids / 210
8.3.4. Drug Development and Design / 211
8.3.5. Enzymes and Hormones / 214
8.3.6. Biological Fluids / 218
8.3.7. Foods and Beverages / 221
8.3.8. Viruses and Bacteria / 224
8.3.9. Explosives / 226
8.3.10. Environmental Analyses / 228
8.3.11. Miscellaneous Applications / 232
8.4. Mechanism of Separation / 234
8.5. Conclusion / 234
References / 235
9 Chiral Separations by Nanoliquid Chromatography
and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 245
9.1. Introduction / 245
9.2. Nanoliquid Chromatography / 246
9.3. Nanocapillary Electrophoresis / 249
9.4. Mechanisms of Chiral Separation / 260
9.5. Conclusion / 261
References / 261
10 Perspectives on Nanoanalyses 263
10.1. Introduction / 263
10.2. Future of Microfluidic Devices / 264
10.3. Future Challenges / 265
10.4. Conclusion / 266
References / 267
Subject Index 269