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Nanochromatography and nanocapillary electrophoresis: pharmaceutical and environmental analyses PDF

282 Pages·2009·8.5 MB·English
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NANOCHROMATOGRAPHY AND NANOCAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS NANOCHROMATOGRAPHY AND NANOCAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analyses IMRAN ALI HASSAN Y. ABOUL-ENEIN VINOD K. GUPTA Copyright#2009byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyform orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwritten permissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetothe CopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978) 750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ 07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbestefforts inpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor authorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimited tospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat (317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynot beavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww. wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Ali,Imran. Nanochromatographyandnanocapillaryelectrophoresis:pharmaceuticalandenvironmental analyses/ImranAli,HassanY.Aboul-Enein,VinodK.Gupta. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-17851-5(cloth) 1. Chromatographicanalysis. 2. Capillaryelectrophoresis. 3. Drugs—Analysis. 4. Pollutants—Analysis. 5. Environmentalpollutants—Analysis. 6. Nanoparticles—Analysis. I.Aboul-Enein,HassanY. II.Gupta,VinodKumar,1953– III.Title. [DNLM: 1. Nanotechnology—methods. 2. Electrophoresis,Capillary—methods. 3. EnvironmentalPollutants—analysis. 4. PharmaceuticalPreparations—analysis. QT36.5A398n2009] QP519.9.C47A452009 5430.8—dc22 2008033275 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the memories of my late parents: Basheer Ahmed and Mehmudan Begum. I. A. To my wife, Nagla, whose love and devotion have been an inspiration to me. H. Y. A.-E. To the memoryof my late father Sri Jeewan Lal Gupta who has been my mentorall through. V. K.G. CONTENTS PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Nanoanalyses / 1 1.2. Definition of Nanochromatographyand Nanocapillary Electrophoresis / 2 1.3. Nanochromatographyand Nanocapillary Electrophoresis / 3 1.4. Fabrication of Microdevices / 4 1.5. Developments in Nanoanalyses / 6 1.6. Data Integration / 7 1.7. Protocol of Nanoanalyses / 10 1.8. Scope of the Book / 12 1.9. Conclusion / 12 References / 12 2 Fabrication of Microchips 17 2.1. Introduction / 17 2.2. Substrates / 18 vii viii CONTENTS 2.3. Techniques of Fabrication / 20 2.3.1. Glass Chips / 22 2.3.2. Quartz Chips / 28 2.3.3. Silica Chips / 31 2.3.4. Polymer Chips / 34 2.3.5. Plastic Chips / 36 2.3.6. Chips and the Polymerase Chain Reaction / 37 2.4. Surface Modification / 39 2.4.1. Modification by Polymers / 40 2.4.2. Modification by Silica Gel / 42 2.4.3. Modification by Monolithics / 44 2.4.4. Modification by Sulfonation / 44 2.5. Designs of Chips / 45 2.6. Bindings in Chips / 49 2.7. Conclusion / 50 References / 51 3 Instrumentation of Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 59 3.1. Introduction / 59 3.2. Nanoliquid Chromatography (NLC) / 60 3.2.1. Mobile Phase Reservoirs / 62 3.2.2. Mobile Phases and Flow Calibration / 62 3.2.3. Mobile Phase Tubings / 63 3.2.4. Solvent Delivery Pump / 64 3.2.5. Sample Injector / 66 3.2.6. Separation Chips / 68 3.2.7. Detectors / 70 3.2.8. Recorder / 71 3.2.9. Sample Preparation Units / 72 3.3. Nanocapillary Electrophoresis / 74 3.3.1. Separation Chip / 76 3.3.2. Background Electrolyte and Its Reservoirs / 79 3.3.3. Sample Injection Port / 79 3.3.4. Detectors / 82 CONTENTS ix 3.3.5. Recorder / 83 3.3.6. Sample Preparation Units / 83 3.4. Conclusion / 85 References / 86 4 Detection in Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 91 4.1. Introduction / 91 4.2. Mass Spectrometer Detectors / 92 4.3. Fluorescence Detectors / 97 4.4. Electrochemical Detectors / 99 4.5. Element Specific Detectors / 101 4.6. Miscellaneous Detectors / 103 4.7. Conclusion / 105 References / 105 5 Sample Preparation in Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 109 5.1. Introduction / 109 5.2. Sample Preparation / 111 5.3. Sampling / 111 5.3.1. Biological Samples / 111 5.3.1.1. Blood / 112 5.3.1.2. Urine / 112 5.3.1.3. Tissues / 112 5.3.1.4. Plants / 113 5.3.1.5. Food Stuffs / 113 5.3.2. Environmental Samples / 113 5.3.2.1. Air / 113 5.3.2.2. Water / 114 5.3.2.3. Sediment and Soils / 115 5.4. Preservation / 115 5.5. Filtration / 116 5.6. Digestion/Homogenization / 118 5.7. Extractions / 119 5.8. Clean Up / 119 5.9. Preconcentration / 121 x CONTENTS 5.10. Off-Line Nanosample Preparation Methods / 121 5.10.1. Nano Solid Phase Extractions / 121 5.10.2. Nano Membrane Extractions / 123 5.10.3. Nano Miscellaneous Extractions / 124 5.11. Online Nanosample Preparation Methods / 125 5.12. Conclusion / 138 References / 138 6 Nano-High Performance Liquid Chromatography 145 6.1. Introduction / 145 6.2. Nano-HPLC / 146 6.3. Applications / 146 6.3.1. Nano-HPLCof Biological Matrices / 146 6.3.1.1. Proteomics / 147 6.3.1.2. Drugs Development and Design / 151 6.3.1.3. Environmental Analysis / 155 6.4. Optimization of Separations in Nano-HPLC / 161 6.5. Troubleshooting in Nano-HPLC / 161 6.6. Conclusion / 161 References / 162 7 Nanocapillary Electrochromatography and Nanomicellar Electrokinetic Chromatography 167 7.1. Introduction / 167 7.2. Nanocapillary Electrochromatography / 167 7.2.1. Biological Samples / 168 7.2.2. Environmental Samples / 177 7.2.3. Mechanism of Separation / 181 7.3. Nanomicellar Electrokinetic Chromatography / 181 7.3.1. Biological Samples / 182 7.3.2. Environmental Samples / 184 7.3.3. Mechanisms of Separation / 187 7.4. Conclusion / 188 References / 188 CONTENTS xi 8 Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 191 8.1. Introduction / 191 8.2. Optimization / 192 8.3. Applications / 200 8.3.1. Proteomics / 200 8.3.2. Genomics / 205 8.3.3. Amino Acids / 210 8.3.4. Drug Development and Design / 211 8.3.5. Enzymes and Hormones / 214 8.3.6. Biological Fluids / 218 8.3.7. Foods and Beverages / 221 8.3.8. Viruses and Bacteria / 224 8.3.9. Explosives / 226 8.3.10. Environmental Analyses / 228 8.3.11. Miscellaneous Applications / 232 8.4. Mechanism of Separation / 234 8.5. Conclusion / 234 References / 235 9 Chiral Separations by Nanoliquid Chromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 245 9.1. Introduction / 245 9.2. Nanoliquid Chromatography / 246 9.3. Nanocapillary Electrophoresis / 249 9.4. Mechanisms of Chiral Separation / 260 9.5. Conclusion / 261 References / 261 10 Perspectives on Nanoanalyses 263 10.1. Introduction / 263 10.2. Future of Microfluidic Devices / 264 10.3. Future Challenges / 265 10.4. Conclusion / 266 References / 267 Subject Index 269

Description:
Detection of drugs at low concentration is required in a variety of biological and medical situations, in order to avoid harmful side effects posed by some drug residues. The book details the instrumentation, detection, and application of nano chromatography (that is, any chromatographic and capilla
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