NanoCarbon 2011: Selected works from the Brazilian Carbon Meeting PDF
Preview NanoCarbon 2011: Selected works from the Brazilian Carbon Meeting
Carbon Nanostructures For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8633 César Avellaneda Editor NanoCarbon 2011 Selected Works from the Brazilian Carbon Meeting 123 Editor CésarAvellaneda Centrode Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Universidade Federalde Pelotas Pelotas Brazil ISSN 2191-3005 ISSN 2191-3013 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-31959-4 ISBN 978-3-642-31960-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-31960-0 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012945729 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalways beobtainedfromSpringer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyright ClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Thisbookcontainsabriefoverviewofselectedworkspresentedatthe‘‘XMeeting on Diamond, Amorphous Carbon, Nanotubes and related Materials’’ held at Pelotas-RS-Brazil,June2011.Thisbookremarkstheadvancesoccurringsincethe pastdecadetodateandpresentsgoodperspectivesoffutureresearchinthecarbon nanotube field. On behalf ofthe organizercommittee,we wouldliketothankthe authorswho producedexcellentchaptersfromwhichthereadersinterestedincarbonnanotubes and related materials will greatly benefit, and to Springer-Verlag for cooperating withusinimplantingthisproject.Wealsoacknowledgethefinancialsupportfrom the Brazilian funding agencies CNPq and FAPERGS. Pelotas, July 16, 2012 Prof. Dr. César O. Avellaneda v Contents Review of Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes: Highlighting Measuring Energy Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 M. H. M. O. Hamanaka, V. P. Mammana and P. J. Tatsch Synthesis and Characterisation of Carbon Nanocomposites. . . . . . . . . 33 M.Z.Krolow,C.A.Hartwig,G.C.Link,C.R.Ratmann,J.S.F.Pereira, R.S.Picoloto,M.R.F.Gonçalves,N.L.V.CarreñoandM.F.Mesko Performance of Ni/MgAl O Catalyst Obtained by a Metal-Chitosan 2 4 Complex Method in Methane Decomposition Reaction with Production of Carbon Nanotubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 G. B. Nuernberg, L. F. D. Probst, M. A. Moreira and C. E. M. Campos The Use of Nanostructures for DNA Transfection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Vinicius Farias Campos, Virgínia Yurgel, Fabiana Kömmling Seixas and Tiago Collares Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Virginia Campello Yurgel, Vinicius Farias Campos, Tiago Collares and Fabiana Seixas CNTs/TiO Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2 Silvana Da Dalt, Annelise Kopp Alves and C. P. Bergmann Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes by CVD Technique: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 A. G. Osorio, A. S. Takimi and C. P. Bergmann vii viii Contents Thermoset Three-Component Composite Systems Using Carbon Nanotubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 L. V. da Silva, S. C. Amico, S. H. Pezzin, L. A. F. Coelho and C. M. Becker Review of Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes: Highlighting Measuring Energy Spread M. H. M. O. Hamanaka, V. P. Mammana and P. J. Tatsch Abstract This paper is a review of the research on field emission properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the basic properties of CNTs, the main emission propertieswithhighlightinginenergyspreadandtheworkdoneinapplyingCNTs forfieldemissionmicroscopy(FEM).Inthisworkthereareexplanationsaboutthe density of states (DOS) of the conduction electrons responsible for the emission; comparisonofthecharacteristicsofCNTsemissionfromsinglenanotubeorfilms; comparisonofthedifferenttypesofelectronsourcesandtheintroductionofCNTs electron sources applying in retarding field analyzer (RFA). 1 Introduction In the Division of Information Displays of CTI several topics on displays are investigated,forinstance:LiquidCrystalDisplays(LCDs),OrganicLightEmission Displays (OLEDs), Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Texture Displays (PSCT), PolymerDispersedLiquidCrystalsDisplays(PDLCs)andFieldEmissionDisplays (FEDs). Although FEDs are not playing an important role in the display world anymore, the range of applications of carbon nanotubes CNTs) is still growing, as will be described hereafter. We are mainly interested in the field emission propertiesofCNTsinapplicationssuchaselectronmicroscopesandotherelectron optic devices. M.H.M.O.Hamanaka(&)(cid:2)V.P.Mammana CentrodeTecnologiadaInformaçãoRenatoArcher–CTI,Campinas-SP,Brazil M.H.M.O.Hamanaka(cid:2)P.J.Tatsch UniversidadeEstadualdeCampinas–UNICAMP,Campinas-SP,Brazil C.Avellaneda(ed.),NanoCarbon2011,CarbonNanostructures, 1 DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-31960-0_1,(cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 2 M.H.M.O.Hamanakaetal. Fig.1 Longitudinalcross- sectionofaCRTfluorescent displaywithaFEcathode madeofcarbon[71] AgoodunderstandingofthefieldemissionpropertiesofCNTsisparamountto improve these devices and reduce the failure mechanisms. Therefore, the purpose of my work is a fundamental investigation of the field emission of CNTs. The understanding of the emission mechanism of CNTs also allows us to use theminotherapplicationsthatwillbelistedbelow.Ishallpayspecialattentionof usingCNTsasasourceofelectronsinaRetardingFieldAnalyzer(RFA).Thefirst scientific papers on CNTs properties reported extremely low turn-on fields, high current densities, good field emission stability compared to metallic emitters in various devices since 1995 [8]; however, the energy distribution of the emitted electrons was not particularly well understood, CNT sources continues offer several attractive characteristics such as instantaneous response to electric field variation, resistance to temperature fluctuation, and high degree offocusability in electronoptics duetotheirsharp(0.2–0.3 eV)energyspread [57, 60].AnRFA is pre-eminently suited to study the energy distribution and the low-energy of an electronsource[88,16].ThefirstideaischaracterizetheCNTsourceandthenuse the RFA system in the work function measurements of materials. The main applications of CNT’s are: a) Lighting elements [50, 71], i.e., produce light by bombarding a phosphor- coated surface with electrons. The first device with a CNT cathode to be demonstrated was the field-emission lamp, Fig. 1 [11, 71]; b) Over-voltageprotectionwithnanotubes,inthiscasetheovervoltagebetween ananotubecathodeandacounter-electrodereachesathresholdvalueforfield emission, the emitted current induces a discharge in the noble gas [67]; ReviewofFieldEmissionfromCarbonNanotubes 3 c) Flat-panelfield-emissiondisplay[14,71],theCNTelectronsourceprovidesa high-brightness display. Field-emission panel displays were demonstrated 10 years ago [98] using Spindt-type emitters [75]. An inherent problem with FEDsistheneedforvacuumbetweentheanodeandthecathode.Degradation ofthevacuumresultsinionizationoftheresidualgasbytheemittedelectrons and poisoning of emitting material resulting in degraded performance. The difficulty in obtaining a robust well packaged display with a long lifetime maybe one reason why the FED has not succeeded commercially. However the main issue is almost certainly the success of the AMLCD. The improvements inLCD quality have reducedthe potential market for FEDs to such an extent as to make them commercially unattractive [68]; d) A FED-based backlight unit for LCDs [34, 35] could have lower power consumption than the cold cathode fluorescent lamp and there is severe competition since the development of emitting diode (LED) backlights [68]; e) X-ray sources such as, hand-held X-ray spectrometers and mini-X-ray tubes for medical and other applications [76, 87]; f) High-resolution electron-beam instruments such as electron microscopes, electron-beam-assisted-deposition instruments and electron-beam-lithography instruments [62, 9, 91]; g) Varioustypesofsensorscanbeappliedindifferentsegmentsoftheindustries, such as biomedical, automotive, food, agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, security, environmental monitoring and others [69, 93]; h) Transparent conductive thin films for certain niche applications such as organiclightemittingdiodes(OLED)orOrganicphotovoltaic(OPV)devices [85, 92]; i) Carbonnanotubeelectronsourcesforelectronmicroscopesandotherelectron beam equipment [60] j) PowertransmissionlineswithCNTscablestotransporttheelectricity[2].The cablesexhibit high current-carrying capacity of104 * 105 A/cm2 and can be joinedtogetherintoarbitrarylengthanddiameter,withoutdegradationoftheir electrical properties [95]; k) Supercapacitor electrodes prepared from thin films of carbon nanotubes [51, 53]; l) Carbon nanotube transistors are considered the replacement for silicon tech- nology due of their characteristics of low operation voltage. [38]. Carbon nanotubes are one of the most important materials under investigation for nanotechnology, suggesting potential applications in different fields of scien- tific and engineering, as were described above. The first section of paper is the introduction; the second presents a brief description on basic properties of CNTs. The third section give a review of the electron emission properties by field emission,thefourthsectiondiscusstheapplicationsinFieldEmissionMicroscopy (FEM) and fifth section discuss electron Source with a comparison of energy spread between different sources. In sixth section present the measurements of energy-spread, the next sections are conclusions and acknowledgments. 4 M.H.M.O.Hamanakaetal. Fig.2 Highresolutiontransmissionelectronmicroscopy(HRTEM)imagesofCNTs:aSWNT micrographofindividualrope,bandcMWNTMicrograph(byIijima)withthecapdrawing[45] 2 Carbon Nanotube Carbon nanotubes are formed by one or more graphene sheets rolled to form a cylinder with hollow inside and closed ends. There are two main types of CNTs: SingleWallNanotube(SWNT),Fig. 2a,consistsofonegraphenesheetrolledwith cylindrical form and the MultiWall Nanotube (MWNT) consists in several con- centric graphene tubes with an interlayer spacing of 0.334–0.340 nm, Fig. 2b, [45]. The layer structure of MWNT shows arrangements like ‘‘Swiss-roll’’ and ‘‘Russiandoll’’.ThesetwopossiblearrangementsareillustratedinFig. 3andalso thevariationofthesetwoarrangementsarea‘‘papiermâché’’suggestby[96]and themodelbyAmelinckxetal.[3]and[45].Theknowledgeofthesearrangements is important to understand the results obtained by several authors throughout this review.
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