Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms

669 Pages·2006·4.119 MB·English

by  Jie Jack Li Ph.D. (auth.)

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NameReactions
Jie Jack Li
Name Reactions
A Collection
of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms
Third Expanded Edition
123
JieJackLi,Ph.D.
PfizerGlobalResearchandDevelopment
ChemistryDepartment
2800PlymouthRoad
AnnArbor,MI48105
USA
e-mail:jack.li@pfizer.com
3rd.expandeded.
ISBN-103-540-30030-9 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
ISBN-13978-3-540-30030-4 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
e-ISBN3-540-30031-7
ISBN-103-540-40203-9 2nded.SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006925628
This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved, whether the whole or part of the
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©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2003,2006
PrintedinGermany
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
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Dedicated to
Professor E. J. Corey
Foreword
I don't have my name on anything that I don't really do.
–Heidi Klum
Can the organic chemists associated with so-called “Named Reactions” make the
same claim as supermodel Heidi Klum? Many scholars of chemistry do not hesita-
te to point out that the names associated with “name reactions” are often not the
actual inventors. For instance, the Arndt-Eistert reaction has nothing to do with
either Arndt or Eistert, Pummerer did not discover the “Pummerer” rearrange-
ment, and even the famous Birch reduction owes its initial discovery to someone
named Charles Wooster (first reported in a DuPont patent). The list goes on and
on…
But does that mean we should ignore, boycott, or outlaw “named reacti-
ons”? Absolutely not. The above examples are merely exceptions to the rule. In
fact, the chemists associated with name reactions are typically the original disco-
verers, contribute greatly to its general use, and/or are the first to popularize the
transformation. Regardless of the controversial history underlying certain named
reactions, it is the students of organic chemistry who benefit the most from the ca-
taloging of reactions by name. Indeed, it is with education in mind that Dr. Jack
Li has masterfully brought the chemical community the latest edition of Name
Reactions.
It is clear why this beautiful treatise has rapidly become a bestseller
within the chemical community. The quintessence of hundreds of named reacti-
ons is encapsulated in a concise format that is ideal for students and seasoned
chemists alike. Detailed mechanistic and occasionally even historical details are
given for hundreds of reactions along with key references. This “must-have” book
will undoubtedly find a place on the bookshelves of all serious practitioners and
students of the art and science of synthesis.
Phil S. Baran
La Jolla, March 2006
Preface
Confucius said: “Reviewing old knowledge while learning new old knowledge, is
that not, after all, a pleasure?” Indeed, name reactions are not only the fruit of
pioneering organic chemists, but also our contemporaries whose combined dis-
coveries have resulted in organic chemistry today. Since publication of this book,
Barry Sharpless and Ryoji Noyori, whose name reactions have been included
since the first edition, went on to win the Nobel Prizes in 2001. Recently, Richard
Schrock, Robert Grubbs, and Yves Chauvin shared the 2005 Nobel Prize in che-
mistry for their contributions to metathesis, a name reaction that has been also in-
cluded since the first edition. Therefore, I intend to keep up with the new devel-
opments in the field of organic chemistry while retaining the collection of name
reactions that have withheld test of time.
The third edition contains major improvements over the previous two editions.
I have updated references. Each reaction is now supplemented with two to three
representative examples in synthesis to showcase its synthetic utility. As Emil Fi-
scher stated: “Science is not an abstraction; but as a product of human endeavor it
is inseparably bound up in its development with the personalities and fortunes of
those who dedicate themselves to it.” To that end, I added biographical sketches
for most of the chemists who discovered or developed those name reactions.
Furthemore, I have significantly beefed up the subject index to help the reader na-
vigate the book more easily.
In preparing this manuscript, I have incurred many debts of gratitude to Prof.
Reto Mueller of Switzerland, Prof. Robin Ferrier of New Zealand, and Prof. James
M. Cook of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Dr. Yike Ni of California
Institute of Technology, and Dr. Shengping Zheng of Columbia University for in-
valuable suggestions. I also wish to thank Dr. Gilles Chambournier, Prof. Phil S.
Baran of Scripps Research Institute and his students, Narendra Ambhaikar, Ben
Hafensteiner, Carlos Guerrero, and Dan O’Malley, Prof. Brian M. Stoltz of Cali-
fornia Institute of Technology and his students, Kevin Allan, Daniel Caspi, David
Ebner, Andrew Harned, Shyam Krishnan, Michael Krout, Qi Charles Liu, Sandy
Ma, Justin Mohr, John Phillips, Jennifer Roizen, Brinton Seashore-Ludlow, Na-
thaniel Sherden, Jennifer Stockdill, and Carolyn Woodroofe for proofreading the
final draft of the manuscript. Their knowledge and time have tremendously en-
hanced the quality of this book. Any remaining errors are, of course, solely my
own responsibility.
I welcome your critique.
Jack Li
Ann Arbor, Michigan, March 2006
Table of Contents
Abbreviations..................................................................................................XVIII
Alder ene reaction...................................................................................................1
Aldol condensation..................................................................................................3
Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction.............................................................................5
Allan–Robinson reaction.........................................................................................8
Appel reaction.......................................................................................................10
Arndt–Eistert homologation..................................................................................12
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation.....................................................................................14
Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement....................................................................16
Bamberger rearrangement.....................................................................................18
Bamford–Stevens reaction....................................................................................20
Barbier coupling reaction......................................................................................22
Bargellini reaction.................................................................................................24
Bartoli indole synthesis.........................................................................................26
Barton radical decarboxylation.............................................................................28
Barton–McCombie deoxygenation........................................................................30
Barton nitrite photolysis........................................................................................32
Barton–Zard reaction............................................................................................34
Batcho–Leimgruber indole synthesis....................................................................36
Baylis–Hillman reaction........................................................................................39
Beckmann rearrangement......................................................................................41
Beirut reaction.......................................................................................................43
Benzilic acid rearrangement..................................................................................45
Benzoin condensation...........................................................................................47
Bergman cyclization..............................................................................................49
Biginelli pyrimidone synthesis..............................................................................51
Birch reduction......................................................................................................53
Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis.........................................................................55
Bischler–Napieralski reaction...............................................................................57
Blaise reaction.......................................................................................................59
Blanc chloromethylation.......................................................................................61
Blum aziridine synthesis ......................................................................................63
Boekelheide reaction.............................................................................................65
Boger pyridine synthesis.......................................................................................67
Borch reductive amination....................................................................................69
Borsche–Drechsel cyclization...............................................................................71
Boulton–Katritzky rearrangement.........................................................................73
Bouveault aldehyde synthesis...............................................................................75
Bouveault–Blanc reduction...................................................................................77
Boyland–Sims oxidation.......................................................................................79
Bradsher reaction..................................................................................................81
Brook rearrangement.............................................................................................83
Brown hydroboration............................................................................................85
XII
Bucherer carbazole synthesis................................................................................87
Bucherer reaction..................................................................................................90
Bucherer–Bergs reaction.......................................................................................92
Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction..............................................................94
Büchner method of ring expansion.......................................................................96
Buchwald–Hartwig C–N bond and C–O bond formation reactions......................98
Burgess dehydrating reagent...............................................................................100
Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling............................................................................102
Camps quinolinol synthesis.................................................................................104
Cannizzaro dispropotionation.............................................................................107
Carroll rearrangement.........................................................................................109
Castro–Stephens coupling...................................................................................112
Chan alkyne reduction.........................................................................................114
Chan–Lam coupling reaction..............................................................................116
Chapman rearrangement.....................................................................................118
Chichibabin pyridine synthesis...........................................................................120
Chugaev reaction.................................................................................................123
Ciamician–Dennsted rearrangement...................................................................125
Claisen condensation...........................................................................................127
Claisen isoxazole synthesis.................................................................................129
Claisen rearrangement.........................................................................................131
Abnormal Claisen rearrangement...............................................................133
Eschenmoser–Claisen amide acetal rearrangement....................................135
Ireland–Claisen (silyl ketene acetal) rearrangement..................................137
Johnson–Claisen (orthoester) rearrangement.............................................139
Clemmensen reduction........................................................................................141
Combes quinoline synthesis................................................................................144
Conrad–Limpach reaction...................................................................................147
Cope elimination reaction...................................................................................149
Cope rearrangement............................................................................................151
Oxy-Cope rearrangement............................................................................152
Anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement...............................................................153
Corey–Bakshi–Shibata (CBS) reduction.............................................................154
Corey(cid:16)Chaykovsky reaction...............................................................................157
Corey–Fuchs reaction.........................................................................................160
Corey–Kim oxidation..........................................................................................162
Corey–Nicolaou macrolactonization...................................................................164
Corey–Seebach dithiane reaction........................................................................166
Corey–Winter olefin synthesis............................................................................168
Criegee glycol cleavage......................................................................................171
Criegee mechanism of ozonolysis.......................................................................173
Curtius rearrangement.........................................................................................175
Dakin oxidation...................................................................................................177
Dakin–West reaction...........................................................................................179
Danheiser annulation...........................................................................................181
Darzens glycidic ester condensation...................................................................183
XIII
Davis chiral oxaziridine reagent..........................................................................185
Delépine amine synthesis....................................................................................187
de Mayo reaction.................................................................................................189
Demjanov rearrangement....................................................................................191
Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement...........................................................193
Dess–Martin oxidation........................................................................................195
Dieckmann condensation....................................................................................197
Diels–Alder reaction...........................................................................................199
Dienone–phenol rearrangement..........................................................................202
Di-(cid:83)-methane rearrangement..............................................................................204
Doebner quinoline synthesis...............................................................................206
Dötz reaction.......................................................................................................208
Dowd–Beckwith ring expansion.........................................................................210
Erlenmeyer(cid:16)Plöchl azlactone synthesis..............................................................212
Eschenmoser–Tanabe fragmentation..................................................................214
Eschweiler–Clarke reductive alkylation of amines.............................................216
Evans aldol reaction............................................................................................218
Favorskii rearrangement and quasi-Favorskii rearrangement.............................220
Feist–Bénary furan synthesis..............................................................................222
Ferrier carbocyclization.......................................................................................224
Ferrier glycal allylic rearrangement....................................................................227
Fiesselmann thiophene synthesis........................................................................230
Fischer indole synthesis......................................................................................233
Fischer oxazole synthesis....................................................................................235
Fleming–Tamao oxidation..................................................................................237
Tamao(cid:16)Kumada oxidation..........................................................................239
Friedel–Crafts reaction........................................................................................240
Friedländer quinoline synthesis...........................................................................243
Fries rearrangement.............................................................................................245
Fukuyama amine synthesis..................................................................................247
Fukuyama reduction............................................................................................249
Gabriel synthesis.................................................................................................251
Ing–Manske procedure................................................................................253
Gabriel–Colman rearrangement..........................................................................255
Gassman indole synthesis....................................................................................257
Gattermann–Koch reaction.................................................................................259
Gewald aminothiophene synthesis......................................................................261
Glaser coupling...................................................................................................263
Eglinton coupling........................................................................................265
Gomberg–Bachmann reaction.............................................................................267
Gould–Jacobs reaction........................................................................................269
Grignard reaction................................................................................................271
Grob fragmentation.............................................................................................273
Guareschi–Thorpe condensation.........................................................................275
Hajos–Wiechert reaction.....................................................................................277
Haller–Bauer reaction.........................................................................................279