NAESM Cannabis Research Report 2017

395 Pages·2017·3.78 MB·English

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
This PDF is available at http://www.nap.edu/24625 SHARE
û ù Ą 
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current
State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research
DETAILS
440 pages | 6 x 9 | PAPERBACK
ISBN 978-0-309-45304-2 | DOI: 10.17226/24625
AUTHORS
BUY THIS BOOK Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review
and Research Agenda; Board on Population Health and Public
Health Practice; Health and Medicine Division; National Academies
FIND RELATED TITLES of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get:
– Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports

– 10% off the price of print titles

– Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests

– Special offers and discounts
Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press.
(Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research

The Health Effects of Cannabis and
Cannabinoids:
The Current State of Evidence and
Recommendations for Research

Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review
and Research Agenda

Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice

Health and Medicine Division

A Report of

PREPUBLICATION COPY—UNCORRECTED PROOFS
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by Grant No. ADHS16-113368 from the Arizona Department of Health
Services, Grant No. 910-16-SC from the CDC Foundation, Grant No. 200-2011-38807, Task Order #47
from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Grant No. HHSN263201200074I, Task Order #91
from the National Institutes of Health, and Grant No. 151027 from Oregon Health Authority.
Additional support was received by Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority; California Department of
Public Health; Mat-Su Health Foundation; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration;
National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health/National
Institute on Drug Abuse; The Colorado Health Foundation; The Robert W. Woodruff Foundation;
Truth Initiative; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; and Washington State Department of Health.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not
necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-XXXXX-X
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-XXXXX-X
Digital Object Identifier: 10.17226/24625
Library of Congress Control Number:
Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth
Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; [phone] or [phone]; http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2017 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. The health
effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24625.
PREPUBLICATION COPY—UNCORRECTED PROOFS
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by
President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to
science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to
research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are
elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is
president.
The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970
under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health
issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health.
Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.
The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and
Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other
activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also
encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase
public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.
Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-
academies.org.
PREPUBLICATION COPY—UNCORRECTED PROOFS
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research
Reports document the evidence-based consensus of an authoring committee of experts. Reports
typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the
committee and committee deliberations. Reports are peer reviewed and are approved by the
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Proceedings chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other
convening event. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants
and have not been endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
For information about other products and activities of the Academies, please visit
nationalacademies.org/whatwedo.
PREPUBLICATION COPY—UNCORRECTED PROOFS
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research
COMMITTEE OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA: AN EVIDENCE REVIEW AND
RESEARCH AGENDA
MARIE McCORMICK (Chair), Professor, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard
University, Boston, MA
DONALD I. ABRAMS, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, and Chief of
Hematology–Oncology Division, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
MARGARITA ALEGRÍA, Chief, Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston
WILLIAM CHECKLEY, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
R. LORRAINE COLLINS, Associate Dean for Research, School of Public Health and Health
Professions and Professor, Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, State University
of New York at Buffalo–South Campus, Buffalo, NY
ZIVA COOPER, Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia
University Medical Center, New York, NY
ADRE J. DU PLESSIS, Director, Fetal Medicine Institute; Division Chief of Fetal and Transitional
Medicine; and Director, Fetal Brain Program, Children’s National Health System, Fetal Medicine
Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC
SARAH FELDSTEIN EWING, Professor, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Oregon
Health & Science University, Portland
SEAN HENNESSY, Professor of Epidemiology, Systems Pharmacology, and Translational
Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
KENT HUTCHISON, Professor, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of
Colorado Boulder
NORBERT E. KAMINSKI, Professor, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Director, Institute for
Integrative Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University,
East Lansing
SACHIN PATEL, Associate Professor and Director, Division of Addiction Psychiatry, Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
DANIELE PIOMELLI, Professor, Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Louise Turner
Chair in Neurosciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine
STEPHEN SIDNEY, Director of Research Clinics, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern
California, Oakland, CA
ROBERT B. WALLACE, Irene Ensminger Stecher Professor of Epidemiology and Internal Medicine,
Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City
JOHN WILEY WILLIAMS, Professor of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
Study Staff
LEIGH MILES JACKSON, Study Director
JENNIFER A. COHEN, Program Officer
KELSEY GEISER, Research Associate (from July 2016)
R. BRIAN WOODBURY, Research Associate
SARA THARAKAN, Research Associate (until July 2016)
HOPE R. HARE, Administrative Assistant
v
PREPUBLICATION COPY—UNCORRECTED PROOFS
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research
MATTHEW MASIELLO, Research Assistant (from June 2016)
MARJORIE PICHON, Senior Program Assistant (from August 2016)
KATHLEEN STRATTON, Scholar
ROSE MARIE MARTINEZ, Senior Board Director, Board on Population Health and Public Health
Practice
Norman F. Grant/American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology Fellow
BROWNSYNE TUCKER EDMONDS, Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
Consultants
STEVEN DAVENPORT, BOTEC Analysis Corporation
TAMAR LASKY, MIE Resources, Maryland
LEANN LOCHER, LeAnn Locher and Associates
GUILLERMO MORENO-SANZ, University of California, Irvine
BRYCE PARDO, BOTEC Analysis Corporation
vi
PREPUBLICATION COPY—UNCORRECTED PROOFS
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research
Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives
and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical
comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to
ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the
study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of
the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Eric Bass, Johns Hopkins University
Jonathan P. Caulkins, Carnegie Mellon University
Mary D’Alton, Columbia University Medical Center
Raul Gonzalez, Florida International University
Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr., University of Pennsylvania
Eden Evins, Massachusetts General Hospital
Mark A. Ware, McGill University
Mark Helfand, Oregon Health and Science University
Larry A. Walker, The University of Mississippi Medical Center
Donald P. Tashkin, University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine
David A. Kessler, University of California, San Francisco
Igor Grant, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine
Robin Mermelstein, University of Illinois at Chicago
Aron Lichtman, Virginia Commonwealth University
John H. Krystal, Yale University School of Medicine
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions,
they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of
the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Eric B. Larson, Group Health
Research Institute, and Bobbie A. Berkowitz, Columbia University Medical Center. They were
responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in
accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered.
Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the
institution.
vii
PREPUBLICATION COPY—UNCORRECTED PROOFS
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research
Acknowledgments
This report reflects contributions from a number of individuals and groups. The committee takes
this opportunity to recognize those who so generously gave their time and expertise to inform its
deliberations.
To begin, the committee would like to thank the sponsors of this study for their guidance and
support. Support for the committee’s work was generously provided by the Alaska Mental Health
Trust Authority; Arizona Department of Health Services; California Department of Public Health; CDC
Foundation; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Mat-Su Health Foundation; National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration; National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute;
National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse; Oregon Health Authority; The Colorado
Health Foundation; The Robert W. Woodruff Foundation; Truth Initiative; U.S. Food and Drug
Administration; and Washington State Department of Health.
The committee greatly benefited from the opportunity for discussion with individuals who
attended and presented at their open session meetings (see Appendix D). The committee is thankful for
the many contributions of these individuals.
The committee could not have done its work without the support and guidance provided by the
National Academies project staff: Leigh Miles Jackson, study director; Jennifer Cohen, program officer;
Kelsey Geiser, research associate; R. Brian Woodbury, research associate; Sara Tharakan, research
associate; Matthew Masiello, research assistant; and Marjorie Pichon, senior program assistant. The
committee is also grateful to Hope R. Hare and Doris Romero for their administrative and financial
assistance on this project, and gratefully acknowledges Kathleen Stratton and Rose Marie Martinez of
the Board on Population Health and Public Health Practices for the guidance they provided throughout
this important study.
Many other staff within the National Academies provided support to this project in various ways.
The committee would like to thank the executive office staff of the Health and Medicine Division
(HMD), as well as Lauren Shern, Janice Mehler, and the staff in the HMD Office of Reports and
Communication for the management of the report review process. We would like to thank Rebecca
Morgan and the National Academies Research Center staff for their assistance in the committee’s
research efforts, and the National Academies Press staff.
We thank Steven Davenport, Tamar Lasky, Guillermo Moreno-Sanz, and Bryce Pardo for their
valuable commissioned work, and we are grateful to LeAnn Locher for her creative efforts in our
graphic design projects. Finally, Robert Pool is to be credited for his superb editorial assistance in
preparing this report.
ix
PREPUBLICATION COPY—UNCORRECTED PROOFS
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.