Mycotoxins and phycotoxins: Advances in determination, toxicology and exposure management PDF
Preview Mycotoxins and phycotoxins: Advances in determination, toxicology and exposure management
Mycotoxins and phycotoxins Advances in determination, toxicology and exposure management edited by: Henry Njapau Socrates Trujillo Hans P. van Egmond Douglas L. Park Mycotoxins and phycotoxins IUPAC Mycotoxins and phycotoxins Advances in determination, toxicology and exposure management Proceedings of the XIth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, May 17-21, 2004, Bethesda, Maryland, USA edited by: Henry Njapau Socrates Trujillo Hans P. van Egmond Douglas L. Park WWaaggeenniinnggeenn AAccaaddeemmiicc PPPP uuuu bbbbb llll iiii ssssss hhhh eeeeee rrrr ssssss This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may ISBN: 978-90-8686-007-4 be translated, reproduced, stored in a e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-585-7 computerised system or published in DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-585-7 any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior Cover photos written permission from the publisher, Aspergillus flavus Wageningen Academic Publishers, Rob Samson, Fungal Biodiversity P.O. Box 220, 6700 AE Wageningen, Centre (CBS), The Netherlands the Netherlands, Pyrodinium bahamense www.WageningenAcademic.com Ben Tall, Sherwood Hall and Jennifer Rios, Food and Drug The individual contributions in this Administration, USA publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors. First published, 2006 The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could be a © Wageningen Academic Publishers result of content derived from this The Netherlands, 2006 publication. Preface Over the last several decades research has highlighted the potential deleterious effects to the health of man and animals some mycotoxins and phycotoxins may cause if consumed in quantities sufficient to elicit harm. The hazards may be more significant in economically challenged regions of the world where the means to detect and segregate contaminated commodities, and alternatives to consuming food that could be adulterated, may be lacking. Although recorded history is replete with evidence of mycotoxin-associated food poisoning incidents or outbreaks such as those arising from ergot poisoning during the middle ages in Europe and food spoilage and shortages during World War II in Russia and Japan, the aflatoxicosis outbreak affecting ducklings and Turkey poults that occurred in England in the 1960s, commonly called Turkey-X disease, brought to the forefront the potential for mycotoxin occurrence in animal feed with no apparent visual evidence of fungal contamination. In the Turkey-X incident, a feed ingredient, peanut meal, produced in Brazil and subsequently included in the feed rations in England, was shown to be the source of the toxic agent, later identified as aflatoxin, that had been naturally produced by Aspergillus species. This aflatoxicosis incident demonstrated that there could be significant animal and/or human health problems from consuming products with no apparent visual presence of moulds. This fact prompted the scientific and regulatory communities to conduct in-depth research on factors leading to mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds including the presence of other non-aflatoxin mycotoxins. Similarly, phycotoxin-associated toxic events could have occurred in history but may have been associated with other causes. Although highly disputed by others, some scholars believe that the biblical story in Exodus 7: 20-21, where Moses turned Egyptian waters into blood could have been the phenomenon called red tides. The significance of red tides and harmful algal blooms (HAB) has become apparent with time. Currently incidents of human poisoning due to the consumption of phycotoxin-tainted seafood have been reported worldwide and the events are often named after the causative agent, i.e. ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) or paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). The importance of these hazards to local communities and globally is perhaps best illustrated by the increase in regulations targeted at minimizing exposure to the phycotoxins. In addition to these marine biotoxins, toxins from blue-green algae, found in fresh and brackish waters are a hazard to health and therefore need continuous attention. Mycotoxins and phycotoxins The XIth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins was part of an ongoing series of symposia initiated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Division of Chemistry and the Environment, Subcommittee on Food Chemistry (formerly Food Chemistry Commission); the first, covering only mycotoxins, was held in Kungalv, Sweden in 1972. Since then nine symposia have been held in Pulawy, Poland; Paris, France; Lausanne, Switzerland; Vienna, Austria; Pretoria, South Africa; Tokyo, Japan; Mexico City, Mexico; Rome, Italy and Guarujá, Brazil. The symposia series has grown in scope, scientific novelty and value. It has become the principal international interdisciplinary meeting on mycotoxins and phycotoxins focusing initially on analytical methodology necessary to detect and control contamination in human food (and animal feed). Later symposia topics included the toxicological potentials of the mycotoxins and phycotoxins, occurrence and management of the risks they pose to the consumer globally. The XIth symposium assessed progress or advances made in relation to the overall focus of the series and the evolving global perspective of food safety. The meeting attracted about 240 participants from 40 countries underscoring the international character of the symposium series. A significant number of attendees were from developing countries; many participating under the auspices of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-led international outreach program on mycotoxins. The outreach program has, since its inception in 2002, also received substantial financial and material support from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA/FAS); the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (FDA/ University of Maryland); the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), and several US-based food and agribusiness industries. In addition to participating in the main symposia, the mycotoxins outreach program held a satellite session at which 8 country reports were presented. The quality and novelty of scientific research and discovery that was shared at the XIth Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins demonstrated that the scientific community is ready to meet the evolving challange of ensuring global food safety. This book is not a compendium of all the 225 oral and poster presentations made at the sympsoium: it contains only selected peer-reviewed papers. Submitted manuscripts were reviewed by experts in the specific topic areas and the editors selected recommended manuscripts that exceeded set quality standards in order to uphold the established pre-eminence of the symposia series. Nevertheless, the contents of this book encompass the current state of understanding of mycotoxins and phycotoxins, critical ecological parameters and interactions, advances in methodology, toxicology, and strategic management interventions that could minimize the negative effects of Mycotoxins and phycotoxins mycotoxins and phycotoxins on the well being of consumers. The symposia series has been, and will continue to be, of prime importance to public health managers, educators and researchers worldwide. Preparations for the XIIth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins are progressing well. This conference will be held in Istanbul, Turkey, May 21-25, 2007. The editors Henry Njapau Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA Email: [email protected] Socrates Trujillo Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA Email: [email protected] Hans P. van Egmond Laboratory for Food and Residue Analysis National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands Email: [email protected] Douglas L. Park Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA Current Address: 20 Gettysburg North, Cabot, Arkansas, USA Email: [email protected] Mycotoxins and phycotoxins
The list of books you might like
