MYCORRHIZAE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PDF
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MYCORRHIZAE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY MYCORRHIZAE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY Edited by Zaki Anwar Siddiqui Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Mohd. Sayeed Akhtar Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India and Kazuyoshi Futai Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Editors Zaki Anwar Siddiqui Mohd. Sayeed Akhtar Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, India Aligarh, India Kazuyoshi Futai Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ISBN:978-1-4020-8769-1 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-8770-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008931059 (cid:1)c 2008SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V. Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper. 987654321 springer.com CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors ix 1. Mycorrhizae: An Overview 1 Zaki A. Siddiqui and John Pichtel 2. The Molecular Components of Nutrient Exchange in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Interactions 37 Ruairidh J.H. Sawers, Shu-Yi Yang, Caroline Gutjahr, and Uta Paszkowski 3. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Potential Bioprotectants against Plant Pathogens 61 Mohd. Sayeed Akhtar and Zaki A. Siddiqui 4. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Alleviation of Soil Stresses on Plant Growth 99 Philippe Giasson, Antoine Karam, and Alfred Jaouich 5. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Communities in Major Intensive North American Grain Productions 135 M.S. Beauregard, C. Hamel, and M. St.-Arnaud 6. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae: A Dynamic Microsymbiont for Sustainable Agriculture 159 Jitendra Panwar, R.S. Yadav, B.K. Yadav, and J.C. Tarafdar 7. Indirect Contributions of AM Fungi and Soil Aggregation to Plant Growth and Protection 177 Kristine A. Nichols 8. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and their Role in Plant Restoration in Native Ecosystems 195 Krish Jayachandran and Jack Fisher v vi Contents 9. Effects of Interactions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Beneficial Saprophytic Mycoflora on Plant Growth and Disease Protection 211 M.G.B. Saldajeno, W.A. Chandanie, M. Kubota, and M. Hyakumachi 10. The Mycorrhizosphere Effect: A Multitrophic Interaction Complex Improves Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Plant Growth 227 R. Duponnois, A. Galiana, and Y. Prin 11. Ectomycorrhizae and their Importance in Forest Ecosystems 241 Kazuyoshi Futai, Takeshi Taniguchi, and Ryota Kataoka 12. Ectomycorrhizal Associations Function to Maintain Tropical Monodominance 287 Krista L. McGuire 13. The Use of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology in Restoration of Disturbed Ecosystem 303 Ali M. Quoreshi 14. In vitro Mycorrhization of Micropropagated Plants: Studies on Castanea sativa Mill 321 Anabela Martins 15. Effective and Flexible Methods for Visualizing and Quantifying Endorhizal Fungi 337 Susan G.W. Kaminskyj Subject index 351 PREFACE Mycorrhizae are indigenous to soil and plant rhizosphere and potential tools for sustainable agriculture. They enhance the growth of a root system and even of an entire plant and often control certain plant pathogens. It is a fascinating subject, multidisciplinary in nature, and concerns scientists involved in plant heath and plant protection. There have been marked advan- ces in this field during the last few decades. This book stresses the need to document the information, developing a unifying theme which treated mycorrhi- zae in a holistic manner. Mycorrhizal fungi improve plant vigor and soil quality by using the greater surface area. The hyphae of these fungi extend out into the soil, secrete extracellular enzymes and efficiently absorb the maxi- mum amount of available nutrients and deliver these nutrients back to the plant inside the root cell wall. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake, water relations, ecosystem establishment, plant diversity, and the pro- ductivity of plants. Scientific research in this field involves multidisciplinary approaches to understand adaptation of mycorrhizae to the rhizosphere, mechanism of root colonization, effect on plant physiology and plant growth, biofertilization, plant resistance, biocontrol of plant pathogens. The main purpose of the book is to provide a comprehensive source of current literature and future prospects for research. The book has 15 chapters and attempts to present balanced accounts on various aspects of mycorrhizae. Chapter 1 gives an overview of mycor- rhizal fungi and their role in reduction in chemicals and sustainable agricul- ture, while Chapter 2 describes the molecular basis of nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and plants. Other chapters deal with AM fungi as potential bioprotectants against plant pathogens, role of AM fungi in alleviation of soil stresses on plant growth, AM fungi communities in major intensive North American grain productions and indirect contribu- tions of AM fungi and soil aggregation to plant growth and protection. Chapters on AM fungi and their role in plant restoration in native ecosystems and interactions of AM fungi and beneficial saprophytic mycoflora and mycorrhizosphere effect: a multitrophic interaction complex is also dis- cussed. Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) and their importance in forest ecosystem and ECM associations in tropical rain forests, function to maintain tropical monodominance and the use of mycorrhizal biotechnology in restoration of disturbed ecosystem are presented in other chapters. A separate chapter has been devoted to in vitro mycorrhization of micropropagated plants while effective and flexible methods for visualizing and quantifying endorhizal fungi are dealt in detail in the last chapter. vii viii Preface The book is not an encyclopedic review. However, an international emphasis has been placed on trends and probable future developments. The chapters incorporate both theoretical and practical aspects, and may serve as base line information for future research through which significant develop- ments can be expected. This book will be useful to students, teachers and re- searchers, both in universities and research institutes, especially working in areas of agricultural microbiology, plant pathology, and agronomy. With great pleasure, we extend our sincere thanks to all the contri- butors for their timely response, excellent and up to date contributions and consistent support and cooperation. We are thankful to Professors Ainul Haq Khan, Aqil Ahmad, R.P. Singh, Department of Botany, A.M.U. Aligarh, Professor Wasim Ahmad, Department of Zoology, A.M.U. Aligarh, and Pro- fessor C.M.M. Bandara Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan for their moral support during this project. We acknowledge with thanks the valuable assistance from my friends, well wishers and students. Special thanks are extended also to Drs. S. Hayat, Depart- ment of Botany, A.M.U. Aligarh, Yuko Takeuchi, Graduate School of Agricul- ture, Kyoto University and Abdul Rajjak, Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan for their encouragement, courtesy and help as this book progressed. We are extremely thankful to Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands for completing the review process expeditiously to grant acceptance for publication. Cooperation and understanding of its staff especially of Maryse Walsh, Publishing Editor and Melanie van Overbeek, Senior Publishing Assis- tant is also thankfully acknowledged. We express sincere thanks to our family members, for all the support they provided, and regret the neglect and loss they suffered during the pre- paration of this book. Finally, we must be gracious to the Providence who helped us to develop and complete a book on Mycorrhyzae: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry. Zaki A. Siddiqui M. Sayeed Akhtar Kazuyoshi Futai CONTRIBUTORS Akhtar, M. Sayeed Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202 002, INDIA Beauregard, M.S. Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Jardin botanique de Montréal, 4101, Sherbrooke St Est, Montréal, QC, CANADA, H1X 2B2 Chandanie, W. Arachchige United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, JAPAN Duponnois, Robin IRD. UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/SUPAGRO/UM2 Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM) Montpellier FRANCE Fisher, Jack Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden, Miami, FL, 33199 USA Futai, Kazuyoshi Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Sakyo-ku 606-8502 Kyoto, JAPAN Galiana, Antoine CIRAD. UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/SUPAGRO/UM2 Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM) Montpellier, FRANCE ix x Contributors Giasson, Philippe Earth Sciences Department University of Quebec at Montreal P.O. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3P8 CANADA Gutjahr, Caroline Department of Plant Molecular Biology University of Lausanne Biophore Building CH-1015 Lausanne SWITZERLAND Hamel, C. Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 1 Airport Road, Box 1030 Swift Current, SK CANADA, S9H 2X3 Hyakumachi, Mitsuro Laboratory of Plant Pathology Faculty of Applied Biosciences Gifu University Gifu JAPAN Jaouich, Alfred Earth Sciences Department University of Quebec at Montreal P.O. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3P8 CANADA Jayachandran, Kris Environmental Studies Department Florida International University University Park, Miami FL 33199 USA
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