Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops: Basic and Applied Aspects PDF
Preview Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops: Basic and Applied Aspects
Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops Karl Maramorosch S. P. Raychaudhuri Editors Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops Basic and Applied Aspects With 54 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Karl Maramorosch Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology Cook College Rutgers-The State University New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA S. P. Raychaudhuri IUFRO Working Party on Mycoplasma Diseases A-61 Alkananda Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mycoplasma diseases of crops. Bibliography: p. Includes index. I. Mycoplasma diseases in plants. I. Maramorosch, Karl. II. Raychaudhuri, S.P. (Syama Prasad) SB737.M93 1988 632 .32 87-26435 © 1988 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Camera-ready copy prepared by the editors. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I ISBN-13:978-1-4612-8360-7 e-ISBN -13: 978-1-4612-3808-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3808-9 PREFACE Mycoplasmas are placed in a separate class, Mollicutes, which removes them from bacteria. Their main characteristics are lack of a cellular wall and inability to synthesize the peptidoglycan polymer. The lack of a cell wall accounts for the pleomorphism, osmotic sensitivity, sensitivity to antibiotics that inhibit pep tidoglycan polymerization and synthesis, susceptibility to lysis by alcohol and detergents, and the ability to grow on agar gel. At present, three families are placed in the class Mollicutes: Mycotaceae, Acholetaceae, and Spiroplasmataceae. The first pathogenic mycoplasmas were discovered in Pasteur's laboratory nearly 90 years ago as the causative agents of a sheep disease. They were first named PPLO, pleuropneumonia-like organisms. In 1928, Nocard in France coined the name mycoplasma for PPLO, but his publication and the new name remained practically unnoticed until Leonard Hayflick and Robert Channock succeeded in culturing the "PPLO" of human "atypical virus pneumonia" in the United States in 1960. Hayflick resurrected the name given by Nocard and since then, the causative agent of human "atypical virus pneumonia" is known as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Other mycoplasmas cause diseases in dogs, sheep, birds, cattle, pigs, etc. A breakthrough was made in Japan in 1967, when several plant diseases, earlier considered to be caused by viruses, were found to be associated with mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO). Soon the Japanese finds were confirmed by others in the United States and subsequently, in many other countries. Now more than 100 different plant diseases, previously categorized as caused by viruses, are classified as plant mycoplasma diseases. At present, a dozen plant and insect associated mycoplasmas have been found to produce helical forms that distinguish them from typical mycoplasmas and places them in the family called Spiro plasmataceae. Most of these have been grown on artificial media. The remaining large number of MLOs have not yet been grown in cell-free media, and this formidable difficulty has prevented their detailed characterization. Many reviews and several books have been published on basic aspects of Mycoplasmas, including plant and insect spiroplasmas, but only one, limited to mycoplasma diseases of trees and shrubs, has appeared until now (Mycoplasma Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. K. Maramorosch and S.P. Raychaudhuri, eds , vi Preface Academic Press, New York, 1981). The purpose of the present volume is to bring together basic and applied information conceming several plant mycoplasma diseases of crops. In addition to information pertaining to new means of detection, characterization, and cultivation of plant mycoplasmas (Part I), interactions be tween insect vectors, plant mycoplasmas, and viruses in mixed mycoplasma virus infections are presented (Part II). Part III includes mycoplasma diseases of rice, potato, com, citrus, and other cultivated plants. A historical account of the earliest description of a plant mycoplasma disease, made nearly 1000 years ago in China, is published here for the first time. Four chapters on current control technologies constitute the last part of the volume (Part IV). The contributors to this book are active workers from the United States, Canada, India, The Netherlands, Yugoslavia, and The Peoples' Republic of China. The subject of this treatise should be of considerable interest and importance, and one that will appeal to an audience representing plant pathologists, ento mologists, horticulturists, as well as other branches of agriculture. Karl Maramorosch S.P. Raychaudhuri CONTENTS Preface ................................................................ v Contributors ........................................................... IX Part I: Detection, Characterization and Cultivation of Plant Mycoplasmas Plant Pathogenic Mycoplasmas: Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics Y.K. Arora and R.C. Sinha........................................ 3 2 Purification and Properties of Mycoplasma-Like Organisms from Diseased Plants R.C. Sinha......................................................... 29 3 Fluorescence Microscopy of Yellows Diseases Associated with Plant Mycoplasma-Like Organisms C. Hiruki .......................................................... 51 4 Rapid and Specific Detection Methods for Plant Mycoplasmas C. Hiruki .......................................................... 77 5 Prospects for Rapid Identification of Spiroplasmas in Plants and Animals Alan Liss ........................................................... 103 6 Trends in Research on Plant Mycoplasmas R.E. Davis and I.-M. Lee ......................................... 113 7 New Developments in the Culture of Spiroplasma kunkelii, the Com Stunt Spiroplasma I.-M. Lee and R.E. Davis ......................................... 131 8 Comparative Morphology of Mycoplasma-Like Organisms Bijan K. Ghosh, S. Misra, and V. Muniyappa ..................... 141 9 Three Dimensional Morphology of MLO and Spiroplasmas Studied by SEM G.T.N. de Leeuw, P.A.M. van Vught, A.A. Polak-Vogelzang, and R.A. Samson....................................................... 161 viii Contents Part II: Interactions with Plants, Insects, and Viruses 10 Ecological Associations of Spiroplasma citri with Insects, Plants, and Other Plant Mycoplasmas in the Western United States George N. Oldfield ................................................ 175 II The Occurrence and Interaction of Plant Viruses and Mollicutes in Plants and Insect Vectors Ernest E. Banttari ................................................. 193 12 Bionomics of Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott), a Vector of Mollicutes and Virus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) James H. Tsai ..................................................... 209 Part III: Diseases of Rice, Potato, Com, Citrus, Eggplant and Other Plants 13 The Apparent Yellows Disease of Dodonaea spp. in Hawaii Donald E. Gardner................................................ 225 14 Rice Yellow Dwarf Disease v. Muniyappa and S.P. Raychaudhuri ............................. 233 15 Mycoplasma-Associated Potato Diseases and Their Control in India S.M. Paul Khurana, R.A. Singh, and D.M. Kaley ................ 285 16 Mycoplasma Diseases of Com in Florida James H. Tsai ..................................................... 317 17 Stubborn Diseases of Citrus Caused by Spirop lasma citri D.J. Gumpf ........................................................ 327 18 Little Leaf Disease of Eggplant D.K. Mitra ........................................................ 343 19 Earliest Historical Record of a Tree Mycoplasma Disease: Beneficial Effect of Mycoplasma-Like Organisms on Peonies M.Q. Wang and Karl Maramorosch ............................... 349 Part IV: Chemotherapy and Other Methods of Control 20 The Pathways of Chemotherapeutants in the Control of Tree Diseases V.M.G. Nair....................................................... 359 21 Chemotherapy: Basic Research Approaches S.P. Raychaudhuri, Sushma Rishi, and Narayan Rishi ............ 391 22 Kinetin Treatment of Stolbur Diseased Plants and Possibility of Its Application in Chemotherapy B. Plavsic, K. Krivokapic, and Z. Eric............................ 417 23 Non-Chemical Control of Plant Mycoplasma Diseases Karl Maramorosch ................................................. 431 Index ................................................................... 451 CONTRIBUTORS Y.K. Arora Donald E. Gardner Chemistry and Biology Research National Park Service Institute Cooperative Park Studies Unit Agriculture Canada, Research Branch Department of Botany Ottawa, Ontario University of Hawaii at Manoa Canada K I A OC6 Honolulu, HA 96822, USA Ernest E. Banttari Bijan K. Ghosh Department of Plant Pathology Department of Physiology University of Minnesota and Biophysics St. Paul, MN 55108, USA University of Medicine and Dentistry Robert Wood Johnson Medical School R.E. Davis Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA Microbiology and Plant Pathology Laboratory ARS-USDA David J. Gumpf Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Department of Plant Pathology University of California-Riverside Riverside, CA 92521, USA G.T.N. de Leeuw Willie Commelin Scholten Phytopathological Laboratory Chuji Hiruki Baarn, The Netherlands Department of Plant Science University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2P5 z. Eric Department of Biology Faculty of Science D.M. Kaley University of Sarajevo Central Potato Research Station Vojvode Putnika 43A Rajgurunagar 410 505 Sarajevo 71000, Yugoslavia Pune, Maharashtra, India x Contributors S.M. Paul Khurana George N. Oldfield Central Potato Research Institute USDA,ARS Simla-l7l ()() I, India Boyden Fruit and Vegetable Insects Laboratory K. Krivokapic University of California-Riverside, Department of Biology Riverside CA 92521, USA Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo Biljana Plavsic Vojvode Putnika 43A Department of Biology Sarajevo 71000, Yugoslavia Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo Ing-Mee Lee Vojvode Putnika 43A Department of Botany Sarajevo 71000, Yugoslavia University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA A.A. Polak-Vogelzang National Institute of Public Health Alan Liss and Environmental Hygiene Department of Biological Sciences Bilthoven, The Netherlands State University of New York University Center at Binghamton S.P. Raychaudhuri Binghamton, NY 13901, USA IUFRO Working Party on Mycoplasma Diseases Karl Maramorosch A-61 Alkananda, Kalkaji Department of Entomology and New Delhi 110019, India Economic Zoology Cook College Narayan Rishi Rutgers-The State University Department of Plant Pathology New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA Haryana Agricultural University Hisar 125005, India S. Misra Department of Botany Sushma Rishi University of Rajasthan Department of Pharmacology Jaipur, India Haryana Agricultural University Hisar 125005, India D.K. Mitra R.A. Samson Nuclear Research Laboratory Centraal Bureau voor Schimme1cultures Indian Agricultural Research Institute Baarn, The Netherlands New Delhi 110012, India R.A. Singh V. Muniyappa Central Potato Research Institute Department of Plant Pathology Simla-1700 I, India University of Agricultural Sciences Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India Ramish C. Sinha Chemistry and Biology V.M.G. Nair Research Institute College of Environmental Sciences Agriculture Canada, Research Branch University of Wisconsin at Green Bay Ottawa, Ontario Green Bay, WI 5430 I, USA Canada K I A OC6
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