Myanmar's Annihilation of the Rohingya

103 Pages·2017·20.34 MB·English

G
E
N
O
C
ID
E
A
C
H
IE
V
E
D
, G
E
N
O
C
ID
E
C
O
N
T
IN
U
E
S
: M
Y
A
N
M
A
R
’S
A
N
N
IH
IL
A
T
IO
N
O
F
T
H
E
R
O
H
IN
G
Y
A

P
e
n
n
y
G
re
e
n
/
Published by: Th
o
m
International State Crime Initiative a
s
School of Law M
a
c GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES:
Queen Mary University of London M
a
n
u
s
/ A MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION OF THE ROHINGYA
lic
ia
d
e
la
C
o
u Penny Green / Thomas MacManus / Alicia de la Cour Venning
r
School of Law Ve
n
n
in
g
(CC) International State Crime Initiative 2018
This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐
NoDerivatives 4.0 International license: you may copy and distribute the document, only
in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the authors and used for non‐commercial,
educational, or public policy purposes.
ISBN: 978‐0‐9934574‐6‐3 (Paperback)
and 978‐0‐9934574‐7‐0 (eBook‐PDF)
Published by:
International State Crime Initiative
School of Law
Queen Mary University of London
Mile End Road
London E1 4NS
United Kingdom
www.statecrime.org
Authors:
Professor Penny Green, Queen Mary University of London
Dr Thomas MacManus, Queen Mary University of London
Alicia de la Cour Venning, Queen Mary University of London
Recommended citation:
Green, P., MacManus, T. and de la Cour Venning, A. (2018)
Genocide Achieved, Genocide Continues: Myanmar’s Annihilation of the Rohingya.
London: International State Crime Initiative.
All photographs, unless otherwise stated, taken by ISCI researchers.
Front page image:
A group of Rohingya refugees, who had recently arrived in the Bangladesh camp of
Kutupalong, waiting for humanitarian assistance, October 2017
Layout and design: Paul Jacobs, QMUL CopyShop
Printing: QMUL CopyShop
School of Law
GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES:
MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION
OF THE ROHINGYA
Penny Green / Thomas MacManus / Alicia de la Cour Venning

CONTENTS
MAPS 5
TIMELINE OF GENOCIDE 7
ABBREVIATIONS 9
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13
1. INTRODUCTION 21
METHODOLOGY 23
2. PREPARING FOR ANNIHILATION: PRE-OCTOBER 2016 25
INCREASED RESTRICTIONS 27
THE KILADUANG (DU CHEE YAR TAN) MASSACRE 28
3. FINAL PREPARATIONS: 9 OCTOBER 2016 – 25 AUGUST 2017 31
REPRESSIVE AND THREATENING MEASURES 33
MILITARISING NORTHERN RAKHINE STATE 36
NATIONAL VERIFICATION CARD (NVC): A QUIETER TOOL OF GENOCIDE 41
INTIMIDATORY VILLAGE MEETINGS 44
4. GENOCIDE’S DENOUEMENT 49
MASSACRES AND OTHER KILLINGS 51
RAPE AND GENDERED VIOLENCE 56
PILLAGING AND BURNING VILLAGES 60
3
GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES: MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION OF THE ROHINGYA
5. THE GENOCIDE CONTINUES 63
‘SOCIAL DEATH’: FATE OF ROHINGYA STILL IN MYANMAR 63
TREACHEROUS FLIGHTS FROM GENOCIDAL VIOLENCE 65
DANGER AND DEATH IN THE BANGLADESH CAMPS 66
6. ERADICATION FROM HISTORY: SYMBOLIC ENACTMENT 71
DENIAL AND COVER-UP 72
ERASURE OF HISTORY AND CULTURE 76
APPROPRIATION OF PROPERTY AND REMAKING NORTHERN RAKHINE STATE 77
ROHINGYA RESILIENCE AND CAMP LIFE 79
7. CONCLUSION 83
BIBLIOGRAPHY 86
APPENDIX I: ISCI CORRESPONDENCE WITH UK GOVERNMENT 2014-2016 90
4
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
!
!
!! o!(
!! o!(
!
!
!
!
!
! !!!
!
MAPS ! !
o!( o!(
! ! ! !
!!
!
!
Myanmar Information Management Unit ! !! !!
21°0'N20°30'NDisc!(l99a!22iCm°°00eCL0TLMCPDIBLPtMW''SroEEraarAl:oraraaeaaeC oe!no!Tn#(aptSppcbjx!(aanGdhgsey!e Enset clpIrciS a dMBDi'e io -onrttsgnBMst eioon:veoBhaach5n!pCFMGSa :!du uAemdMn tmAt Dawtou iorrodh /pPrr©erBni bIDcseSTIIAATVmaachwoxm-!aM/!sOMvrnn rr!ye/ netpoo Nsa e!c e-hriiuMaeHwap-ss ttaU:Lledr aeat eMtxoww hl!aBee!K: Msdb!uMpo.rNs Phy tao k1abtor1ar1bpcanimitIhGrraal uzlnonir w5cIgenMoefg10knyaa-naDFhMaeesnnt o!2:lntSsrs ier ha1sian minnUusamStA uhrtodmo RU3Gskh!!haLw1!hstoant!kdderAtpvirar aehn ;aremdiioyB iVp#Rpene0hCdopir arfSo#ioA tt!M ta!un t!1oo!aaehoseIaatn e go!l !n#hn-.a!!euBfoI#!ds!tmrrig u le!aMf#!an!tnMaRHgiDBnoap!!nie !oesfo!bbldpdU!ro#oce C#ttogoomnuea! htB !!!tm !hsu!aEwD.2rilu!-irn!Naoc kne ioihe!t2e!E1!0tn/r!td d!!!hi!!2m!W iauge0s!2aaSoao#A-1#!d0a!m o1!r!yQ!!snnr-!rfn!G!i 7e!aef7 kr!ri! n#a!a!(aW1dHL!!(yMsimSn!,!r!i!vi g !!p!!lraeTyu!32!w8!:Fat! #a s!!a(s60r4id!nP!!!!Gn!e!a#!ly!! 1N ra,sxad!f!m!&!!i1Aa!#!Mo!!!g! ! ,!uto! 6!!!!.!D!e#oV!!!mn!!!!!!h!o0!!!md!!.) !n!A! 5t!!!#i!!i!!him!fe!!n !UBWWSiriI!s!e!gnc!G!!!bu!!U! !!!d!!an!!th!tmr!!@!a!!!e P!!!!!!b !!!pUe!!!!ro!!hba!!o!!!t t!Nes!aup!!!(ny!!le!w!!!!!#!T!!a !!y!!!!n!!L !ind!!r!!!er!!!!tMy!!!!!!d!! !!n oG!!!!a!! !!2p!!!Id!o!p I!B!c!!!!dn!!!r0Me!n.!!!!!!o!o!e!!11!uD!l!e!dn!Ut!!!!!!!r!!!!!!!7 )e!!!!ii!g!!!! !!!!m!! !!!l!.!!!!!!!2rd ! A! !tM!!!!p!!0!! !-!!!!!Tl!!w!!!!!y0!!ua!!a!!W!! !!8!!!o!y!!(!p!!o!!!!;f!! !ef!!!!!rb!!Mi!!!!c!!!!!!!e!!ei!w!a!a!!!!! !!!!!ul!!!! !a!!!!!ea!! s!!!!!!!!n!!!!!!!!en!!!!!!u!!d!!!d!!! !!!!o!!!!!!!!!!!! !!a!!rs!!nf!!!!!!s!!r!!!!!ee!!!!!!!!!rm!ghe!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !r!!!e!!!!!o!!!!d!!n!!!i!if!!!!t! v!!!! p!!c!!o!!!a!!!!!!h!!!!r!!!!!!!! a!!!aasw!B!!!99!rc!!!!!22gc!l!!!!!!!!!!!!°° ee!s!!!!!!U33 !!!!!p!!!!o!!!! !!00!!w!!t!!!!! a!''!!!!!EE!!!!T!!in!!atf!!!!!!!!!(!!!!h!!!!c!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! e H!!!B!!!!!a!!s!!!!!! !!!!b!!!!!!t!!!!!!t!R!y!!!!!! I!ru! !!!!!!!!!!!i!!t!D!boh!!!!!!!!!!!ue!!!!t!!a!!!!!! !!!t!!!!f!!UAh!!!!i!!!!!!o!!!!!!!! kn!!!!!!n!!!i!1i!!!!!!!!t!U!.!!!!e!!!d!!!!h!!!!!d!!!!!1!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!N!Na!!!!!!!!!Ri!!!!a !!!!n!!tu!!SGi!!!o!!!!!!A!!!!!!!!n!!!!!!!ne!!!!s!!!!!e!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!K!!!!!g!! !!!!!!p!!!!!!S!!!!!!!!! !!H!!!!!!!!!!tR!!!!!!!!!!t!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!I!a2!!!!!A!!!!!!N!!!!!!!!!!!0t!!!!!T!!!!!!!!!!!E!e!!!!P!!1!!!!H!!!!!!!!!!!!A! !!!!!!7!!!!!!S!!E!!!!!!!!!!!L)!!!(!!DT!!!!E!R!!!!AC!!!!!A!!!!!!!!!!T!!a!!!!!!!!!!!T!!!!!!!!H!!!U!!!Wt!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!hE!!!!I!!!SN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!N!Ae!!!!!!!!!!!!!!I!!!!G!!!!!!!!!d!TK!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!P!!!!!!!!!!!!S!!!!!!!a!!T!!!!!!!!!!!!!Y!!!!!O!!!(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Tu!!!W!!!!!!!!A!!!!!P!!!!!o!!!(!!!!N!!A!!!n!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!K!!a!U!!!!!!PE!!(!!!!!g!NT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!l!!S!!!!y!A!K!!!!!!!e!!!!!!!! !E!!!!!!!!A!!!!!!!!a!i!!!!!!!!!!!!!t!!UT!!!!t!!!!!!!!!!!!!w!!!!!!!Gu!!!!!t!!!!!!!!!A!!!!!!!!!K!!!!!!!!!!w!!!!!!!!!!!!!!k!!!!!!a!!!!!!!!!!!!!Y!!!!!!!!W!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!T!!!!!!!!!!!te!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!U!!!!a!!!!!!!!!A!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(!!!!!w!!!!!!N!!!!!!!!!!!!W!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!21°0'N20°30'N!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! o!( o!( o!(o!( o!( o!(o!( o!( o!( o!( o!( o!( o!(
!! ! 5
!
!
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!( o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
o!(
GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES: MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION OF THE ROHINGYA
Myanmar Information Management Unit
Village Tracts of northern Rakhine State
(Buthidaung, Maungdaw, Rathedaung Townships)
21°30'N 92°30'E 93°0'E 21°30'N
BANGLADESH
Tat Chaung
CHIN STATE
In Tu Lar
Kar Lar
Day Hpet
BaHupkw Seihtu YeY Aau Bnwg aSyan !(Paletwa
NKay aHupnagy Sam!(ee
Hlaing Thi KhaS Meiakung Ba Da Kar
Nga Yant NKaani nYgar TNhaiSrt oTGnownae
Chaung
Mee Taik Ta Man Thar
!(Taungpyoletwea NYagea rN Tahuakr
TaPuynog Pa Da Kar Day TheNt yKaaring Kyaung Taung Tin May KhCah Mauanugng
Let Yar War Nar Li
CThhaeuang Min GyiPYaw Dara T Khaitr
KunP TinheeLeKiky aYuak ChSaKPiunyan uuOgnkeSPMainny oYK ianM(TTriuu C LLhiaa)ruDSneoginke WP PeyKaitn yiKk)e yi(neA iuCnnhgaungKyun Pauk Goke Pi Laung Yon
21°0'N PNyyNuingKY M aayTP euaaKyn n TuhK w uPPKTSaCZa iayaKYnuehnuu ha eNaCP kPuN MYuYyPhyy nYgwiaaianiiKnnTngaaeMneUya tTuuyY KNPASwMannDaaMyKThwhygieyoGtnauo ye io eHnPYMuHCC yeay M e TiantTr phGh yTeK t(aa ghyaaG ePhtKaOyniuuuttYa yaPaa DSP)kLTnnMaTiuuaneHaaawaggeChnnyuurrK li ugag aBGhnnKSnGy HwNa gatLUhwgPahKKK K(Nyul iHa agLKauawZ aoTaaaianyKL a)atpkyyatBZea rue igaS orNMnueyuKP nar Ta (rKnZ SonutZNNnYyyHgTrayhw eUCnagYaiagaiayogwennp uorur!(ranhZ aNtD a Pab M nPTekrKaanHKryMi(oraMag n aDua ryPaPSWPanAnTnCnPP nia uuunGyyaeyKayhaayhLguun) iig ie inaiyPnnMkianttnDAKg u )Yi TugyTlaiaKKNe(ananinaDn NaalPrrNgwT wTugr BNKyiaP(NyNa nP)haGuaaaii drK ynynaauNG n nrYoaiG y n)nnaT gGynMyoueP ga oaKieTnnyewyynnua giyoiN enBnLZna (A CagaaTaewh)urtheh( DnBLa uYHCgeuua aTGt l)n h roChKD T ygKCenTahyiLahyiahnnaaCe aTaZneNT wutanDWuKha uBeanWtMakhuna UeagrM( uan ryae Hr DCCnD argKi)aBCKnTp TY ughhuLK aoPZyahhaMDhw akaiTunhaua aayau euGaeneahYnw NnPnY(etrg uaCeo GKT ggPga TyMnrnaChi aaeanuhIgeRnaanh KwyT iK tuCanSaNa TaTny)uDeuhLwKnaaYiGgTnnetkaHK eySrweNiPaSHngaCuttahanh uy egw WpnuPMYSahyMenPaaiugMMn nirayywaDregYnaa Ca HGgYuiAL aynauaTaaiYThtnna!(iuhaaanrrraKKPhiggn un guYBCDrLiUaaytnn Nn aeTih nGMaHrnZ gtKua bGlhaGrC aype nCyZNaauKtPaiyoueheK Ne nnhhaY ayMaetNuHeTgyaC raHni uiBn nohKaTYeuOrpd PhnpP a eraAtnawhTKTakiagutan ygua aaeueP o YUniH TY(inuunT nuntneaoS(KTDghagn anpagegHni)ahyanker ggau)(U uP a ela( iPPynYPanPgaMnWuya )KgeKyyZ Hy AgS)SykTTTaiiatyHiiynu nLhpaT Tnaahn TKhKu aNaY nyu yhhnaaCanTKyWwiugy an yaunaurOCawHih e ynganAMTuKTPHahietnK nighhNkaTauoyy ypNyKa anonniy HiaHnwMnyruyogA p otYneaT eaoyL CaKgThPtwGKePneKCTr yhehyy( DiwyaaYkaahaaiianSWnauu aa)rayuNihT n Drun PekSK(yehgnga tiyio Yya agnTM)ina nn aYZYnaueai tKnnKKTtyA hegYSaPyyw( eoiiwOaKyYnPnSO neiSReeghyenae kTCtaai aPnn eHaK t h y P MiGSHpHhnaiCnaaaoaoglupahr Ouy neCn o(aH ke hgaThTu)tn)aaanaKuuurgnhTnnTagaggh uZPaneNCYiongeagkhgeaea uGSnaagnuP nBeg aTKwhyaa DukuYC aYheaa nSunoge RAKHINE STATE!(Kyauktaw 21°0'N
Myin Hlut Pauk TDauw Oe Thei MaNTTaLHghueaepni iekHngtlanKT PayPnyeyiinnin ShPeyyePYiynTaea eTiwn aMwyeTthaH lMaeTehar ZKaNyywauakr HTalan Kyaw
Kyauk Pan Du Chut Pyin Zay Di Pyin Htee Swea
20°30'N Bay of Bangal Thin Baw IKnnw eDinTChhaaP NAuWanahnignn HH YtpeaatrwTTPP(oh PMPaieSinatKyuiG a KAKuoiYkNnrwkyuani ynT aYka ToTau a aNa SikrHnwYnKPaogta)yannaPnKuwuy ynAnaaturuN nPKCngagiahNntP P a TCyiNYnyuaahiyi nununHaignnnulaggngNNTaKGaguhuay!(kaUni TgTDrPbRhuTaaaaa CTNTnuRauwaukhngatu agCarGhSkyha(yePaL LiPPuaaadLyGanuyyaaargk y KGrM HiuTG)awoatnaynTanwriut gS nToa YninaSg oWBeaL aKMTiaryh yTaeaayirn 20°30'N
KoKea uTkanMyiCTAnSh uheHaanipnkguungPKCaTCauhhhunaaang uuYg nnZe Rggtair Shwe LKauu AnThga uTNniangukM SPiayniy nK TOahTenai nKr yZKaaoNykea Gar Mauk
DPoanikeCLahuanugngTSinh (wPea iLk(aP Suaenikigk )SePKikya)innMCyhina uGnagUn GaHrtaunHtpyu
BAau nLMgaKauwKA L ahKa oNPr naCgeiuhn Tagaunng NSPKayinaar tuKGP CnyyygheiintaK YuCyGonuhSeygnaai Syr ePNPYikyyianiane u L GPneLPCagyleiiihntk a P YSuaionnKnngZaeineg !(Ponnagyun
Ah Ngu Maw
Kilometers
0 5 10 20
92°30'E 93°0'E
Map ID: MIMU330v3 L!.egend Data Sources
Creation Date: 18 Sept 2017. Designed for A3 State Capital Coast Buthidaung Township BASE MAP - MIMU;
Peojection/Datum : Geographic/WGS 84 !( Main Town Township Boundary Maungdaw Township PBloaucned naarimese -- WMFinPis, tmryo odfi fHieodm bey AMffIaMirUs 2(G00A8D;)
!( Other Town District Boundary Rathedaung Township translated by MIMU
Map produced by the MIMU - E-mail: [email protected] State Boundary
Website: www.themimu.info International Boundary CUonpit y2r0ig1h7t .© M Mayy abnem uasre Idn fforerme aoft iocnha Mrgaen awgitehm aettnritb ution.
Disclaimer: The names shown and the boundaries used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
6
TIMELINE OF GENOCIDE
1977-78: Myanmar Rohingya branded ‘illegal Bengalis’ and a military offensive forces up to 200,000
Rohingya to flee to Bangladesh. Most return the following year.
1982: Citizenship Act enacted.
1989: Burma renamed Myanmar; Arakan state renamed Rakhine state; new ‘citizenship scrutiny’
cards issued to Myanmar nationals – most Rohingya are excluded.
1990: National League for Democracy (NLD), led by Aung San Suu Kyi, wins elections. Aung San Suu
Kyi placed under house arrest. Candidates from Rohingya parties elected to parliament.
1991-92: Military operation in northern Rakhine state forces up to 250,000 Rohingya to flee to
Bangladesh.
1992: Nasaka military/border security force established in northern Rakhine state, notorious for
abuses. (October) UNHCR-led forced repatriations start: up to 230,000 Rohingya are
repatriated by 1997.
1993: Border Region Immigration Control restricts marriages of Rohingya in Maungdaw township.
1994: Myanmar stops issuing birth certificates to Rohingya children.
1995: Rohingya given Temporary Registration Cards.
1997: Head of Sittwe Immigration Office restricts Rohingya travelling outside their township.
2001: Anti-Muslim riots across the country; many Rohingya displaced. Twenty-eight mosques and
Islamic schools destroyed in and around Maungdaw township.
2005: Maungdaw Township Peace and Development Council restricts Rohingya marriages and birth
rate.
2008: Rohingya granted Temporary Registration Cards and permitted to vote in widely discredited
Myanmar Constitution referendum.
2010: Myanmar elections, Rohingya allowed to vote, Rohingya MP elected. Aung San Suu Kyi released
after elections.
7
GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES: MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION OF THE ROHINGYA
2012: (April) Aung San Suu Kyi elected MP. (June and October) Anti-Muslim violence in central and
northern Rakhine, curfews imposed throughout Rakhine state. (July): President Thein Sein
states the ‘solution’ to the violence is to expel ‘illegal’ Rohingya to other countries or camps
administered by the UN’s refugee agency.
2013: Anti-Muslim violence in Meiktila in central Myanmar.
2014: (March) Rakhine nationalists attack international NGO offices in Sittwe. (April) Rohingya
excluded from census. (July) President Thein Sein begins ‘citizenship verification’ process in
Rakhine state, which is abandoned due to civil protests.
2015: (February) Parliament grants temporary white cardholders (mostly Rohingya) the right to vote.
Days later the President reverses the decision. (May) Boat crisis in Andaman Sea; UNHCR
estimates up to 150,000 Rohingya had fled Myanmar by boat since January 2012. (August)
Rohingya representative in northern Rakhine state, U Shwe Maung, is barred from re-election.
(November) NLD wins landslide victory in general election. NLD purged all Muslim candidates
before election, and Rohingya were barred from voting or standing as candidates.
2016: (April) NLD-led government restarts ‘citizenship verification’ process in Rakhine state; Aung
San Sui Kyi creates and assumes the position of State Councillor, the civilian head of state.
(August) Government pays former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan’s foundation an
undisclosed sum to run the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State. (9 October) The Arakan
Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) claim responsibility for attacks in northern Rakhine state;
Myanmar army’s response forces up to 90,000 Rohingya to flee to Bangladesh.
2017: (March) The UN Human Rights Council establish Fact Finding Mission, which is subsequently
barred from entering Myanmar. (24 August) The Kofi Annan Foundation presents its final report,
which doesn’t use the term ‘Rohingya’; Myanmar government agrees to implement its
recommendations. (25 August) Reported attacks by ARSA on border security posts sees the
beginning of a sustained genocidal assault on Rohingya villages across northern Rakhine state,
triggering a mass exodus of Rohingya to Bangladesh.
8